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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN'STRiET 

WEBSTIR.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CEHM/SCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  histonques 


^ 


^ 


1981 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Note*  technique  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  vhi« 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checlced  below. 


D 


n 


□ 


n 


□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  emJommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur#e  et/ou  peliicul^e 


I      I    Cover  tills  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I     1    Coloured  plates  and/or  iliustretions/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReiiA  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirinure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  SG  peut  que  certfiines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'jne  restauration  apt.>araissent  dant»  le  texte, 
maib,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commenteires  suppl^mentaires 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meiiJeur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  #t4  possible  de  se  procurer.  Lea  d^itails 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-eitre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  leproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dens  la  mAthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I — I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  peilicuiies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  d6co!or6es,  tcchet4es  ou  piqutes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 


r~j  Pages  damaged/ 

I — I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

ryf  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 


r~n    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
QualitA  inigale  de  i'impression 


I      I   Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Comprend  du  materiel  supplimenta:re 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponibie 


□ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  raf limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  fiimAes  i  nouveau  de  fa9on  h 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th 
to 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Or 
be 
th( 

sic 
OtI 

fir 
sic 
or 


Th 
sh 
Til 
wl 

M) 
dil 
en 
be 
rig 
re< 
m( 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

2SX 

30X 

"" 

/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  fiimt  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6n6ros't*  de: 

La  bibiiothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6tO  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nattetd  de  l'exemplaire  fiimi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  r>)ge  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film^s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprainte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  seion  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimds  en  commsnpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
ompreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TIINiUED'),  or  the  symbol  V  {meaning  "EIMD"), 
whichever  applies. 


Lin  des  symboles  su^vants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  v^haque  microfiche,  salon  ie 
cas:  le  symbole  -^  signif ie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  'ncluded  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  !eft  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bes,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 


,1 


10  maK 

me — 

Ist. 

States 

_ 

Scotia 

2d.  ' 

^ 

Bcotia, 

plished 

8d.  ' 

of  ann 

Scotia? 

Thes 

8eqaen( 

,7 


LETTER- 


OF 


HOK  EOBT.  J.  WALKER 


ON  TilE 


ANNEXATION  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA 


AN]) 


BRITISH   AMERICA. 


[FROM   THE   WASHINGTON   CHRONICLE,   APRIL.   23,   1860], 


The  following  letter  is  from  Hon.  Robert 
J.  Walker  to  the  Corrmittee  of  the  llova 
Bcolia  League,  in  reply  to  their  communi- 
catfon,  requestiog  hij  •views  on  annexa- 
tion, &c. : 

Wastunoton  City,  April  21,  1869. 
To    the    Chairman    and    Secretary  of  the 

Nova  Scotia  Leagtie,  Halifax,  JV.  S  : 

Gentlemen;  Shortly  after  your  letter  of 
the  10th  of  December  hst  reached  me  here, 
T  was  taken  quite  sick,  auvi  long  remained 
so.  My  health  is  greatly  improving,  but 
I  have  been  compelled  to  dictate  from  my 
bed  this  letter  to  an  amanuensis.  If,  then, 
this  reply  ia  less  condensed  than  it  other- 
wise would  have  been,  will  you  be  pleased 
to  make  the  prOi-er  allowance?  You  ask 
me — 

1st.  "What  is  the  feeling  in  the  United 
States  on  the  subject  of  admitting  Nova 
Scotia  as  a  State  of  the  Union?" 

2d.  "On  what  term^,  as  regards  Nova 
Scotia,  could  such  a  union  be  accom- 
plished?" 

3d.  "What  would  be  the  probable  effect 
of  annexation  on  the  welfare  of  Nova 
Scotia?" 

These  quettl^^ns  involve  momentous  con- 
sequences to  Nova  Scotia,  to  British  Noith 


America,  to  England,  and  to  the  United'^ 
States.  Coasideriag  the  gravity  of  these 
questions,  I  shall  endeavor  to  discuss  them 
most  calmly  and  dispassionately.  BeasoD, 
man's  noblest  attribute,  must  be  the  uav 
pire,  and  truth,  the  object  in  view.  The 
facts  presented  shall  be  authentic,  and  tbf 
arguments  intended  to  be  logical  deduc- 
tions therefrom.  Let  us,  then,  my  friendav 
discard  all  local  prejudice  and  passion,  ani? 
rise  to  that  region  of  light  and  knowledge, 
where  we  can  see  ihe  truth  and  follow  it" 
with  fearless  confidence  to  all  its  legitimalt' 
results. 

My  respect  for  the  people  of  Njva  Scotia 
is  most  profound;  indeed,  the  more  thip 
subject  has  been  examined  by  me,  the  mort- 
clearly  does  it  appear,  that  your  people  area- 
great,  enlightened,  courageous,  and  liberly- 
loviag  race.  Your  gallant  ntiaintenance  of  i 
your  rights,  your  devotion  to  the  principles 
of  free  Kovernmenl,  excite  here  ynbounded 
admiration.  You  are  of  our  blood,  race, 
and  language.  This  is  said  of  England 
also.  But,  then,  England  is  European,  aud 
you,  like  ourselves,  are  Americans  by  birlh 
or  adoption.  This  great  American  conti- 
nent ia  your  home  and  ours.  'Here,  in 
America,  are  your  social  relations,  your 
interests  and  affections,  your  pleasant  fire- 


mids,  your  w»v«8'Hud  chlldrt?n.  Who  cau 
4efioe  iho.  s».oalled  Eiiropean  balanco  of 
graw«ir,  Hud  what  iutereat  huve  you  in  Ihal 
^•esiioD?.  What  iuterest  bad  you  in  up- 
iMkliug  tbu  G.>veram«iit  ot  Turkey,  and 
i»rc]off  ibu  Christian  to  remain  the  elave 
•f  the  «eu8u  il  and  brumal  TurltV  What  in- 
terest  bad  you.  in  tbe  rucKnt  PiiriS' gou- 
ifiUre,  by  which  the  liberties  of  Crete- were 
(HCliBg'jished,  and  tbe  Cross  trailed!  bL^fortt 
Uie  Crescent  in  the  dusti  Tlitru  aro-mauy 
oUier  European  questions,  in  detormimug 
wMcb  you  are  not  consuUed'— neither  have 
700  any  voice,  nr»r  vole,  nor  represenl'a- 
lion,  nor  inlorest;  but  the  dedjion  of  which 
May  involve  yo  1  in  moat  disastrous  wait*. 
TMn  there  arc  Anglo  A.tnerican  qne-s'-ionB, 
■n  regard  t(X  which  you  arc  not  consulted, 
aaid  yet  they  might  iavolve  you  and  us  in 
anrious  conaequences.  As  a  part  of  tlie 
Brilish  realm,  you  participate  iu  her  war?, 
•ad  follow  her  destiny.  Yoa  niu&t  flghi 
fc«r  battles,  aUbous^h  you  are  never  con- 
jEilteU  in  deteroaining  the  measures  that  in- 
▼olvesoch  fearful  results  Except  where 
■MUB  ia  regarded  as  a  muiiket  or  bayonet,  a 
j^ftdiator  or  a  slave,  he  pavticipatcs  in  the 
cevBcils,  whose  edicts  demtnd  the  sicri 
dteeof  his  life  and  treasure.  With  these 
swj^anatory  remarks,  I  now  answer  year 
(faeetioDS  in  their  o<-der  : 

let  3o  long  as  the  disordant  element 
«f  alarery  existed  here,  the  annexation  of 
Hofa  8cotia  to  the  United  St;  tes  was  ini- 
ynK^ticable.  Since  the  Oisappearauce  of 
<il*Teryy  this  anaexatioo  in  most,  if  not  all, 
«f  tbe  States,  woulil  jQ  hailed  wi'h  ua- 
1k(HiDtic<1  satisfaction.. 

ti.  If  Nova  Soolia'should  signify  to  ws 
3wr  dfsvre  to  become  a  State  o*"  the  Union, 
■w»l«dTantag«ou3  terms  wotdd  be  offered 
ker.  Tbtjftrown  lauds,  now  estimated  at 
fiiar  niiMions  of  acres,  would  become  hers, 
togcthi-r  wiib  all  the  ungranted  mints 
vliicb  Uiey  contain,  whether  of  gold,  tiil 
Ter,  cua),  or  any  other  mineral.  These 
tends  HBil  mines,  after  annexation  would 
to:on»«  of  threat  value.  Ail  public  build- 
m^  would  become  yours,  except  forts, 
•neaala,  navy -yards,  and  custom-houses. 
We  woald  assume  your  public  debt,  now 
eaUmatcd  at  $3,000,000.  Of  course  you 
voald  receive  your  share  of  our  public 
tend  scrip  set  apart  for  every  State  for  an 
i^iicuUvral  ar»d  mechanical  college.    This 


scrip,  in  the  cage'  of  NmvaSootl*,  would  be 
of  the  value  of  1^3^5,000.  Since  the  mett- 
ing  of  our  First  Congress,  iu  1789,  the  Gen- 
eral Goveruineut  has  grantiod  to  the  several 
Slates  and  Territories  i;i,nd  and  money  of 
ihe  estimated  value  of  sJMO.OOO.OOO  for  the 
purposes  of  educition.  Included  ia  thi» 
sum  is  $39,000  000.  distributed  by  Con- 
gress  among  the  States  iu  IS^O.  Again, 
during  the  same  period,  Congress  ha* 
granted  in  the  Staler  and  Territories-,  or  to" 
companies  representing  them,  land*  au-d- 
moneys,  of  tbe  estimated  value  of  $o07',- 
000,000,  for  the  improvement  of  rivers  and' 
harbors  and  the  construction  of  levees,- 
j turnpikes,  railroads,  and  canals.  These* 
grunts  embrace  every  Slate  of  the  Unvom  , 
and  seven  Territories.  On  l»ecoming  * 
State,  Nova  Scotia  would,  of  course,  par- 
licipatc  thereafier  in  h^r  full  share  of  such 
appropriations.  We  should,  in  my  judg- 
ment, first  construct  the  short  sliip  canal 
which  Wf>uld  unite  the  b-iy  of  Fundy  with 
Northumberland  sound,  and  connect  the 
i  Bras  d'Or  with  the  strait  of  Causo.  We 
jshould  uniie  your  railroad_ system,  as  soon 
as  practicable,  by  the  lower  southern  route, 
with  that  of  New  England,  New  York, 
and  Canada.  We  should  extend  our  light- 
house system,  (whicii  is  free  from  li!;ht 
dues-,,)  all  along  your  shores,  including 
buoys,  iight-boals,  and  all  other  aids  to 
navigation,  and  give  you  all  the  advan- 
tttges  of  our  magnificent  coa's*.  survey,  up 
to  the  heid  of  tidewater,  throughout  your 
naiits.  We  would  improve  your  rivers 
and  harbors  as  we  do  our  own,  and  con- 
struct all  the  necessary  Federal  buildings. 
I  We  should  protect  and  Improve  yourflsh 
eiies,  and  aid  in  developing,  by  all  consti- 
tional  nicaus,  your  mineral  and  agricultural 
wealth.  Of  course,  you  would  enjoy  forever, 
under  the  Constitution,  absolute  reciprocal 
free  trade  with  >ill  the  Statas,  thus  securing 
iho  tnarkets  of  f()rty  millions  of  pe(>ple. 
You  w< mid  participate  equally  with  our- 
selves in  the  exclusive  privileges  of  our  gi- 
gantic coasting  Irade.  One  of  our  first  act-?, 
would  probably  be,  the  eatabliBluneut  of  a 
great  line  of  ocean  steemers,  to  run 
fiom  llalifux  to  Europe,  built  by 
yourselves,  and  with  your  own  iron 
and  timber,  aided  by  po.stal  and  other  ar- 
rangements. Tho  inaprovement  of  Halifax 
would,  ot  course,  become  our  interest  and 


I 


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for  the 
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ir 


duty,  and  we  would  expect  io  see  her,  in 
time,  approach  Boston  in  wealth  and  popu- 
lation. Nova  Scotia,  on  eotering  the  Union, 
would  frame  for  herself  such  republican 
State  constitution  as  would  be  acceptable 
to  her  people/''Au   immense    prosperity 
would     immediately     succeed      annexa- 
tion, and  you  would  certainly  soon'  bring 
all  the  rest  of  British  North  America  Into 
our  Union.     You  would  not  have   to  wait 
the  slow  process  of  our  naturalization  laws, 
but,  by  the  very  act  of  annexation,  you 
would  all  become  immediately  American 
■citi'':en3,  with  all  their  rights  and  privilegesV 
The  Senators  and  Representatives  from 
Nova  Scotia  would  take  their  places  in  tbe 
American    Congress,    and    'heir    states- 
men   grace  our  Cabinet.    In  peace,  we 
would  delight    to  do    all  in    our  power 
to  advance  your  prosperity,  and  in  war, 
we  should    defend    you    from  all  assail- 
ants.     Indeed,    with    all    British    North 
America  ours,  with  their  own  free  con- 
sent and  that    of   England,   exhibited  in 
the  acknowledgment  of  their  independence, 
we  should  never  have  another  war.  "The 
whole   North  Amciican  continent  would 
soon  be  ours  by  voluntary  annexation,  and, 
as  will  be  shown  hereafter,  our  population, 
long  before  the  close  of  this  century,  would 
reach  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  mil- 
linns  of  people,  and  our  wealth  be  counted 
by  hundreds  of  billions  of  dollars."  Russia, 
Japan,  and   China  on  the  east  are  already 
owr  warm  friends,  China  having  trusted  to 
an  American   the  great  task  of  securing 
her  against   disintegration;  Japan  having 
granted  us  most  favorable   treaties,  anti 
Russia  having  traneferred  to  us  the  all-im 
portint  territory  of  Al?ska.    Pa?eing  from 
Asia  to  Europe,  after  such  a  consumma- 
tion, thf;  cordial  reunion  of  the  kindred 
races  of  Er)glan,d  and  America  could  at 
lasi  be  effected.     Who  would  cross  the  At- 
lantic  or  Pacific    to  assail  us,   for  wh.it 
cause,  and  with  what  certainty  of  disas 
trous  failure?    Our  policy  is  peace.     We 
have  never  engaged  in  an  unjust  war,  nor 
would  it  be  tolerated  by  our  people.     Hav- 
ing thus  responded  to  your  fecond  quea- 
tioB,  I  will  now  endeavor  to  answer  your 
third. 

8d.  The  Atlantic  ocean  separates  you  by 
thousands  of  miles  from  Europe,  but  brings 
you  within  the  imuieoiate  vicinsge  of  otir 


own  coast.  Let  us  s  .e  now  what  is  your 
present  condition,  and  what  would  be  the 
effect  upon  your  trade  and  industry  of  an- 
nexation to  the  United  States.  In  1865 
your  total  exports  to  all  the  world  were 
18,880.093,  distributed  ae  follows:  To  Great 
Britain,  $764,743;  to  the  West  Indies, 
$1,066,459;  to  the  Canadas,  $438,191;  to  the 
United  States,  $3,619,797;  to  all  other 
places,  $2,041,414.  The  imports  to  Nova 
Scotia,  the  same  year,  were  $14,381  662, 
distributed  a3  follows  :  From  Great  Bri- 
tain, $0,815,988  ;  from  West  Indies,  $007,- 
200  ;  from  the  Canadas,  $508,935 ;  from 
the  United"  Slates,  $4,825,857;  from  all 
other  places,  $3,503,670.  This,  as  indicated 
by  the  returns,  was  much  the  largest  year, 
both  of  exports  and  imports,  for  Nova 
Scotia.  The  total  of  imports  and  exports 
thatyear  were  $23,211,701.  The  total  of 
both  for  the  precedint^  year  of  1864,  were 
$19,777,468,  which  were  greater  by  over 
$8,000,000  than  any  year  preceding.  For 
1866  the  total  exports  from  Nova  Scotia 
were  $8,04.3,095,  and  the  imports  $14,381,- 
008  ;  total  of  imports  and  cxp  )rt3,  $23,- 
424,103  These  were  distributed  as  fol- 
lows : 


t^  EXPORTS 

Great  Brlialn- . .    $287,384 

Canada .'J74,762 

New  Urunswlck  0(i5,482 
NewfonmllHUd..  504,3i)5 
Prince    Edward 

Island 2P).3,602 

United  Stales...  3,228,550 
Urltish  West  In 

<lles  ■ 

All  other  coun 

countries 


1,635,673 

832,747 
Total  ..„....*3,04.%0!)5i 


I  IMPORTS. 

Great  Britain  ...$.>, 893, 596 

(;anada 726,164 

New  Brnnswlck.  820,814 
Newfoundland...  175.372 
I'rlnce  Ed.  Island  346  46') 
British  VV. Indies  1,01.3,363 
Rnanlsh  W.ipdles  1,091,456 
irnlted  States  ....  4,041,844 
All    other    coun- 

i     tries 271,030 


Total $14,381,003 


I  have  not  the  tables  complete  for  1867, 
but  only  for  the  first  nine  months,  which 
show  that  the  total  exports  from  Nova 
Scotia  during  that  period  to  all  the  world 
were  $5,474,338,  and  of  imports,  during  the 
same  period,  into  Nova  Scotia,  $9,345,490, 
making  a  total  of  $14,819,818.  This  would 
seem  to  indicate  a  furt'ier  decline  in  the  trade 
of  Nova  Scotia.  The  first  remark  I  would 
niake  on  those  tables  is  this,  that  while 
the  exports  of  Nova  Scotia  here  reached 
$3,019,797,  those  of  Canada  only  amounted 
to  $488,191,  and  from  Great  Britain,  $764, 
742  ;  while  the  imports  the  same  year  from 
Great  Britain  to  Nova  Scotia  amounted  to 
$0,815,988,  from  the  Canadas  $508,935,  and 
Irom   the   United   States,    $4,835,857.      It 


thus   appears,  that  the  exports  of   Nova 
Bcotia  to  the  United  States,  in  1865,  ex- 
ceeded those  to  Great  Britain  that  year  m 
the  ratio  of  nearly  five  to  one,  and  to  the 
Canadas   more  than  eight  to  one,  whilst 
England  Imported  that    year  into  Nova 
Bcotia  an  excess  of  more  than  $5,500,000, 
thus  throwing  the  balance  of  trade  to  that 
amount  against  Nova  Scotia,  the  Canadas 
adding  considerably  to  that  balance.  *^The 
paltry  and    insigniflcant    trade    wiih  the 
Canadas,  as   compared  with  the  United 
States,  must  show  the  absurdity  of  sacrifi- 
cing the  trade  of  the  United  States  for  that 
of  the  Canadas.      For  1860,  the  exports 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  Great  Britan,  were 
$287,884  ;  to  the  United  States,  (the  recipro- 
city treaty  havin  allien  expired,)  $3,228,550. 
The  same  year,  the  imports  into  Nova  Scotia 
from  Great  Britain  were,  $0,893,596  ;  from 
the  United  States,  $4,041,844.    Thus,  even 
after  the  termination  of  the  reciprocity  trea- 
ty, whilst  the  exports  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Great  Britain  amounted  to  but  the  paltry 
sum  of  $387,884,  the  imports  from  Great 
Britain     to     Nova     Scotia     approiched 
$6,000,000.    .  It  is  here,  then,  also  clearly 
evident,  that,  as  compared  with  the  United 
States,  England  affords  no  markets  for  Nova 
Bcotia,  even  under  our  present  high  tariff. 
Such  is  the  present  state  of  affairs;  let  us 
now  seewhat  would  be  theresult  after  annex- 
ation.   Our  population  in  1870,  it  is  conce- 
ded, will  exceed  forty  millions.    Now,  ac- 
cordinff  to  the  last  official  report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  the  General  Land  Office,  the 
internal  commerce  between  the  States,  as 
given  for  1868,   (and  estimated  for  1870,) 
would  be  five  billions  of  dollars  in  gold. 
Now,  if  upon    annexation,  the  trade  of 
Nova  Scotia  with  her    sister  States  was 
equal  to  her  proportionate  share,  accord- 
ing to  her  population,  in  1870,  as  given  in 
the  Canadian  year  book,  the  total  trade  of 
Nova  Scotia  that  year  with  her  sister  States 
would  be  $48,750,000,  and  that  of  the  Ca- 
nadian Dominion,  so  called,  together  with 
Newfoundland,    Prince    Edward    Island, 
Vancouver,  and  British  Columbia,  would 
be  $556,700,000.    In  making   these  esti- 
matea.,  I  take  the  tables  of  population  from  ' 
the  Canadian  year  book  of  1869,  pages  6, 
156, 158,  and  159.    These  results  are  so 
stupendous  as  almost  to  dazzle  the  imagina- 
tion, and  yet  these  are  the  very  marvels 


officially  exhibited  as  regnrds  the  internal 
trade  between  our  Stales  by  our  census  and 
other  official  reports.  The  same  results 
also  speedily  followed  with  all  our  pre- 
ceding annexations,  from  1808  onward. 
Indeed,  in  nearly  all  these  cases,  these  re- 
sults were  exceeded  in  a  few  years  by  the 
actual  returns.  This  was  owing  to  the 
fact,  that.  In  a  few  years  after  annexation, 
the  States  and  Territories  newly  admitted, 
immediately  after  becoming  a  part  of  the 
Union,  commenced  augmenting  in  a  greatly 
increased  ratio  of  wealth  and  population. 
Indeed,  this  inter-State  trade  with  Nova 
Scotia,  would,  in  time,  become  much 
greater  than  the  average  per  capita  of  our 
present  inter  State  trade.  This  would  arise 
mainly  from  the  advantageous  maritime 
position  of  Nova  Scotia.  Thus,  Cape  Bre- 
ton, which  constitutes  an  important  part 
of  Nova  Scotia,  is  a  long  island  deeply  in- 
dented with  harbors,  bays,  and  inlets,  and 
scarcely  an  acre  of  her  soil  is  more  than 
five  miles  distant  from  navigation.  She 
has  most  valuable  coal  mines  almost  im- 
mediately on  an  ocean  inlet.  Nova  Scotia 
proper  is  a  long  peninsula,  surrounded  by 
the  Atlantic,  the  bays  of  Fundy  and 
Northumberland,  and  the  straits  of  Canso. 
Her  great  coal  mines  are  mainlj'  also  on 
ocean  inlets.  Scarcely  an  acre  of  her  soil 
or  mines  is  distant  more  than  twelve  miles 
from  navigation,  whilst,  owing  to  her  deep 
bays  and  almost  countless  inlets  and  har- 
bors, nearly  one-half  her  products,  mineral 
and  agricultural,  are  close  to  navigable 
waters.  Tempered  by  the  great  Gulf 
Stream,  her  harbors  on-  the  Atlantic  are 
open  nearly  all  the  year,  and  her  climate  is 
much  milder  than  the  average  temperature 
of  New  England. 

The  products  of  Nova  Scotia  are  pre- 
cisely those  which  are  most  wanted  for  a 
great  interior  commerce  with  nearly  all  the 
States  of  the  Union.  These  are:  First,  her 
coal  mines,  of  the  best  quality,  inexhausti 
ble,  and  located  almost  immediately  upon 
the  ocean  shores.  When  it  is  remembered 
that  New  England,  New  York,  and  New 
Jersey  produce  no  coal,  with  a  present 
population  of  nine  millions,  and  rapidly 
increasing,  the  vast  extent  of  this  internal 
trade  can  hardly  be  estimated.  The  Penn- 
sylvania coal  mines,  it  was  predicted, 
•would  be  greatly  injured  by  free  coal  from 


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The  Penn- 
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Nova  Scotia.  But,  under  the  reciprocity 
treaty  Nova  1^  otia  coal  was  imported  here 
duly  free  for  ten  years,  and  yet  the  con- 
sumption of  Pennsylvania  coal  augmented 
more  rapidly  than  during  any  preceding 
period.  No  great  maritime  and  manufac- 
turicl^  nation,  especially  with  a  vast  Inter- 
nal and  coastwise  trad",  can  have  too  much 
coal.  That  of  England,  it  is  now  conceded, 
will  be  exhausted  in  less  than  200  years. 
(See  Sir  William  Armstrong  and  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's speeches  )  It  is  now  ascertained, 
that  many  of  the  mines  of  Nova  Scotia 
atford  coal  entirely  free  from  sulphur,  not 
even  a  trace  beiui^  found  by  chemical 
analysis.  Nova  Scotia  coal  produces  ad- 
mirable gas,  coal  oil,  and  petroleum.  The 
evaporative  power  of  Nova  Scotia  coal 
exceeds  that  of  England  or  Scotland. 
(See  offlci^l  report  of  Professor  Henry  IIow 
to  ihe  Provincial  Government,  dated  June 
1,  1868.)  Besides  coil,  •'extensive  peat 
begs  are  found  in  the  province. "  (How. 
Kept.,  pp.  0-36.) 

The  whole  quantity  of  coal  in  mines 
already  discovered  in  Nova  Scotia,  is  esti- 
mated at  four  billions  of  tons,  but  this  is 
supposed  to  be  far  short  of  the  real  quan- 
tity. This  coal  at  the  pit's  mouth  is  of  the 
value  of  $3  per  ton,  which  would  make 
the  total  value  of  the  coal  already  dis- 
covered "18,000,000,000.  Such  is  one  of 
the  vast  additions  which  the  annexation  or 
Nova  Scotia  would  make  to  our  nationsU 
wealth.  But,  by  annexation  and  the  con- 
sequent removal  of  our  heavy  duties,  the 
price  of  Nova  Sootia  coal  would  be  in- 
creased to  the  producer.-?  at  least  one  dollar 
per  ton.  This  would  make  an  addition 
from  time  to  time  of  $4,000,000,000  to  the 
ultimate  aggregate  wesiUh  of  Nova  Scotia.  | 
This  is  but  one  illustration  of  the  glorious j 
results  of  free  trade  among  the  Slates j 
under  our  Constituiion.  '"It  blesseth  him 
that  gives,  and  him  that  takes." 

Next  to  coal  romes  iron,  which  is  found 
iu  the  greatest  abundance,  of  every  variety, 
and  of  excellent  quality.  Iron  ores  are 
often  found  abundantly,  together  with  the 
limestone  ^mx,  all  in  immediate  juxtapo- 
sition with  the  coal,  and  near  the  ocean. 
The  iron  bears  a  fiivorable  comparison  with' 
that  of  Sweden,  aud  is  admirably  adapted 
!  for  the  manufacture  of  steel,  and  for  rail- 
way wheel  tires.  The  value,  as  compared 
Miththat  of  England,  is  as  follows : 


£  ».  d. 
Eb^iish  pit;  iron,  (BtafTord- 

Bb've,)  average 4.  0.  0.  pertoa. 

Nova  ttcolla 7.  0.  0.  per  ton. 

EnKllsh  bar  Iron,  (Blafford- 

(shlre) 9.  0.  0.  per  ton. 

Nova  Scolia 15.  10.  0.  per  too. 

Among  tha  varieties  of  iron  ores  found 
in  Nova  Scotia,  are  the  bog  ore,  clay-irou 
or^  brown  hematites,  red  hematite  and 
i^pecular  ore,  iron-sand,  magnetic  iron  ore, 
black  bHud  iron  stone,  brown  iron  ore, 
hydrated  red  iron  ore,  turgite,  titaniferous 
iron  ore,  and  oohrey  iron  ores.  In  con- 
nection with  the  iron  ores,  are  mineral 
paints.  This  n.ime  is  given  to  the  ochres  and 
umbers,  consisting  of  peroxide  of  iron  and 
manganese  existing  in  a  hydrated  state. 
'These  mixtures  have  been  largely  used 
in  the  Province,  and  have  been  exported 
in  considerable  quantity." — (Prof.  How, 
pp.  83-109.) 

One  of  the  most  important  ores, 
found  in  great  quantity  in  Nova  Scotia, 
and  of  the  best  quality,  is  manganese.  This 
mineral  is  of  great  and  constantly  increas- 
ing use  and  value;  it  is  the  oxide  which  it 
contains  which  constitutes  its  great  value. 
It  is  used  in  making  bleaching  powoler,  in 
manufacture  of  iron  and  steel,  in  a  great 
variety  of  arts,  and  manufactures  of  a  chemi- 
cal character.  It  is  also  used  in  mak- 
ing glass,  pottery,  dyeing,  and  calico 
prinliug,  in  the  preparation  of  manga- 
nates  and  permanganates,  and  boiled 
oil;  also,  as  deoderisers  and  purifiers  of 
water,  and  as  cheap  agents  in  the  ex- 
traction of  gold  from  quartz.  It  is  also 
used  for  manufactures  depending  on  the 
products  of  the  alkali  trade,  namely : 
Soap,  glass,  paper,  cotton,  linen,  woolen, 
colors,  and  all  chemical  mmufactures  of 
any  magnitude,  also  iu  alloys.  About 
50,000  tons  of  it  are  used  annually  in  Eng- 
land, but  only  about  1,000  tons  here,  it  Is 
a  raw  material  of  manufactures  of  great 
and  increasing  value,  and,  by  the  annexa- 
tion of  Nova  Scotia,  its  consumption  here 
would  be  wonderfully  increased.  (How's 
Report,  110-126.)  Gypsum,  of  the  best 
quality,  is  found  in  great  quantities  ia  Nova 
Scotia.  It  is  put  on  shipboard  in  ITova 
Scotia  at  ninety  cents  a  ton,  aud  the  ordina- 
ry quality  is  sold  in  New  York  at  |3  25  per 
ton  in  gold.  The  quantity  of  gypsum  export- 
ed from  Nova  Scotia  in  1867  was  103,426  tons 
of  which  there  were  exported  to  the  United 


r 


6 


States  101,000  tons,  and  the  rest,  being  only 
2,830  tons,  to  Canada,  Newfoundland,  New 
Brunflwlck,  Prince  Edward,  and  St.  Pierre. 
Thus,     the    Unitid    States    appeared    to 
be    almost  the    solo   consumer,  of    gyp- 
sum, exported    from  Nova    Scotia.    This 
f!yp8um  is  much  used   as  a  fertilizer  in 
PennsylvHnift,    Maryland,    and  Virginia, 
and  is  also  beginning  to  come  again  into 
favor  in  the  cotton  States.    By  annexation, 
the  consumption  here  would  be  greatly  in- 
creased.   Besides  its  application  as  a  fertil- 
izer, it  is  also  used  in  making  caBts,models, 
copies  of  vuluable  statuary,  museum  fossils, 
for  fine  ceHing.-i,  their  centre  pieces  and  I 
cornices,  and  in  making  paper,  instead  of' 
China  clay,  in    stucco,  for   fictile  ivory, 
and    for   filling    fire-proof  safes,  as    well, 
as  for  cement.  Lr^rge  blocks,  hardened  by  a 
new  process,  have  lately  been  sold  at  high 
prices  in  the  United  States.    The  compact 
white  gypsum,  called  alabaster,  has  been 
found  abundantly  in   several  counties  of 
NoVa  Scotia.     Anhydrite,  known  as  hard 
plaster,  is  used  as  a  building  stone,  and  is 
a  good  substitute  for  marble  in  indoor  work. 
It  is  twenty-one  per  cent,   more  valuable 
than  gypsum  as  a  fertilizer. 

Boratss  and  three  new  minerals  are 
found  in  gypstPta  and  anhydrite.  Two  ofj 
these  minerals  are  entirely  new,  and  an-; 
other  of  them  is  identical  with  the  mineral, 
called  tiza  in  Peru,  which  is  imported 
largely  into  England,  and  to  some  extent 
into  the  United  States,  for  the  manufacture 
of  boras,  or  for  immediate  use  in  the  pot- 
teries. It  is  also  most  valuable  in  glazing, 
is  an  excellent  flux  for  metallurgic  pur- 
poses, and  ia  used  in  certain  factories. 
These  three  new  minerals  are  called  natro- 
borocalcite,  cryptomorphite,  sillicoborocal- 
cite.  Glauber  salts  are  often  found  in  the 
gypsum  beds  of  Nova  Scotia.  Numerous 
brine  springs  exist  in  the  gypsiferous  dis- 
tricts of  Nova  Scotia.  The  brine  is  very 
pure  and  limpid,  and  the  salt  is  said  to  be 
of  superior  quality.  Most  excellent  salt, 
very  white  and  ppre,  is  manufactured  at 
some  of  these  springs.  (Professor  How's 
report.) 

Magnesia  alum  is  also  found  in  this  re- 
gion, and  has  been  used  for  dyeing  in 
place  of  alum,  (How.,  127  to  148.)  Nova 
Scotia  "contains  peifectlv  inexhaustible 
quanties  of  Umestones,  presenting  a  great 


variety  of  qualities."  Lime.stone  is  quar- 
ried for  building  purposes;  its  chief  value, 
however,  will  be  "found  in  the  making  of 
lime  for  washes,  mortar,  cement,  agricul- 
tural purposes,  and  as  fluxes  in  iron  smelt- 
ing." It  is  valuable  for  hydraulic  and  other 
cement,  and  for  masonry.  It  is  also  of 
great  value  as  a  fertilizer. 

Marble  of  the  best  quality  abounds'  in 
Nova  Scotia.      That    "found   in   largest 
quantity  is  pure  white  in  color,  of  excel- 
lent grain,    surpassing   in    beauty    when 
polished,  according  to  marble  workers,  the 
Italian  marble."      (How's    report.)       If 
this  marble  be  so  splendid  and  so  cheap,  as 
believed,  we  should  like,   in  case  of  an 
nexdtion,  to  use  it  as  a  material  for  con- 
structing our  great  public  buildings,  espe- 
cially those  projected  for  the  State,  War, 
Navy,  and    Interior    Departments.      The 
varieties  of  Nova  Scotia  marble  are  very ' 
great.    Beside  the  white,   they  have  the 
purple  colorei},   with  green  spots    of  ser- 
pentine; the  red  banded,  the  red  and  white 
mottled,  the  chocolate,  the  greenish  colored, 
the  gray  patterned,  the  white,  with  black 
veins;  the  red  and  clouded  grey,  the  white 
and  green,   and  tlie  bla*k  marble.     The 
gray,  when  polished,    "exhibited  concen- 
tric waved  bands  in  separate   sets,  whose 
outlines  somewhat    resembled    expanded 
flowers."     It  is  "uniqud"  and  "aa^bject 
of   great  admiration."    Marble  of  "  rare 
flesh  color  is  also  found  in  inexhaustible 
quantities."     (How's  report. ) 

Barytes  are  found  in  several  localities  of 
Nova  Scotia.  Its  principal  uses  "are  the 
making  of  porcelain,  the  adulteration  of 
white  lead,  the  producing  permanent  white 
pigment,  and  enameling  artides  miuie  of 
paper,  as  cards  and  collar.s,  and  giving  u 
peculiar  surface  to  room-paper."  Forty 
tons  a  day  are  consumed  "at  one  factory 
in  New  York  for  enavneling  collars."  The 
value  is  said  lo  be  "$20  a  ton  crude,  and 
$35 a  ton  refined."  Some  of  the  veins  are 
"fifteen  feet  in  thickness."  (How's 
report.) 

Moulding  sand  of  the  first  importance, 
in  metf!  casting,  of  the  best  qualify,  and  in 
large  quantities,  is  found  iu  Nova  Scotia,  Ii, 
is  this  which  gives  iron  and  ornamental  cast- 
ings their  "unrivalled  delicacy  and  ex- 
quisite finish."  (How's  Report.) 
•  Bath-brick  sand,  mortar  sand^  and  brick 


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sr.jelt- 
other 
,l8o  of 

ids  in 
largest 

cxcel- 

wbcn 
STB,  the 

)       If 

eap,  as 

of  an 
or  coQ- 
9,  espe- 
e,  War, 
.  The 
ire  very ' 
ave  the 

of  ser- 
id  white 
colored, 
,h  black 
tie  white 
e.  The 
.  concen- 
8,  whose 
xpanded 
la^bject 
[)f  "  rare 
haustiblc 

ixUties  of 
"are  the 
ration  of 
ent  white 
made  of 
giving  a 
'     Forty 
e  factory 
rs."   The 
rude,  and 
veins  are 
(How's 

ipcrtauce, 
i:v,  and  in 
Scotia,  It 
icntal  cast- 
and  ex- 

) 

^  and  brick 


clays  ar :  found  in  great  abundance  in  Novn 
Scotia, where  they  have  most  extensive  brlclt 
yards  and  potterle?,  also  Are  bricks,  pro 
nounced  the  best  at  tlie  London  Exibition 
of  1802.  Thtse  are  used  for  paving  tllf, 
for  flower  pots,  flue  conductors,  chimney 
pots,  butter  coolers,  vases,  earthenware, 
stoneware,  crucibles,  melting  pots,  &c. 
(How,  149168.) 

Building  Btones  are  found  in  the  greatest 
abundance  in  Nova  Scotia;  also  slopes  and 
mateiialB  for  grinding  and  polishing. 
Among  tbcse  are  granite,  most  abundant 
and  of  the  finest  quality;  also  free  stone, 
beautiful  and  abundant;  flag  stone,  clay 
slate,  pencil  stone,  oven  stone,  and  grind 
stones  in  the  greatest  abundance  and  of 
the  best  quality;  also  mill  stones,  hone 
stone,  rutting  material,  and  infusorial 
earth.     (How.,  169-178.) 

There  are  aiso  in  Nova  Bcotia  mines  of 
silver,  argentiferous  galena,  antimony,  mer- 
cury, molybdenum,  arsenic,  cobalt,  nickel, 
and  bismuth.  "Native  silver  is  found 
abundantly  disseminated  through  the  drift 
of  Mackenzie  river  in  small  grains  and 
nuggets."  Silver  is  also  found  in  the  gold 
districts  in  manganese  ore  and  in  native 
copper ;  also  in  argentiferous  goleua. 
(How.,  p.  58-64.) 

There  are  also  found  in  Nova  Bcotij  cap- 
per, copper  ores,  lead  ore,  zinc  ore,  sulphur, 
and  sulphur  ore.  "Copper  ores  are  found 
at  many  localities,  and  are  occasiomilly 
very  rich."  Copper  alsoi?  found  at  various 
points,  and  is  being  worked  to  some  extent 
How  far  the  copper  mining  operations  will 
prove  generally  profitable  is  a  problem  as 
yetULSolved.     (How.,  65-82  ) 

Gold  is  found  in  many  portions  «)f  Nov;i 
Fcotia,  and  is  extensively  and  profltubly 
worked.  It  is  found  in  the  trap  and  au 
rlferous  qu  irtz ;  also  "in  talcose  slate, 
which  is  sometimes  beautifully  plated  with 
metal."  (How's  Report.)  It  is  found  in 
veins,  leads,  and  lodes.  Groups  of  rioh, 
auriferous  leads  are  found  in  close  proxini 
ity  to  each  other.  The  gold  is  alao  foutwi 
in  alluvial  deposits,  in  sand  deposits,  and 
in  streams.  The  gold  region  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia is  estimated  to  extend  over  7,000  square 
miles,  or  much  more  than  one-third  of  the 
whole  province.  The  gross  yield  of  gold 
in  Nova  Scotia  was  as  follows  :  For  the  two 
years,  1860-1,  the  yield  was  of  the  value  of 


1111,000,  The  Increase  was  constant  < 
yaar  until  1807,  when  it  reatibed  $.*04,831. 
Professor  How  «iays  <)a  this  subject:  "la 
gold  mining  tlie  success  may  be  coasideM^ 
good,  both  in  the  increase  of  gold  obtaiiMii 
and  the  average  rate  per  ton  of  quariB 
crushed;  wiiilst  the  average  remunenitioa 
for  each  man,  counting  313  days  ia  ike 
year,  and  the  gold  at  $18  50  per  ounce,  to 
$2  44  per  day— a  result,  it  Is  believe*, 
without  a  parallel  in  any  country.  Tfca 
progress  In  the  yield  of  gold  has  heMi 
steady,  and  we  may  expect  a  largo  increase 
in  the  working  of  the  poorer  mines;  leaite 
i-re  now  made  to  pay  which,  at  first,  conM 
not  have  been  worlced  without  ]o8s;aaJ 
leads  now  deerae<l  Worthless  will,  no  doubt, 
owing  to  the  increased  experience  in  miA- 
iug  and  treating  the  ores,  be  found  reDHl> 
nerative."     (II  )W,  87-57.) 

The  abundant  supply  of  coal,  wood,  a!i^ 
peat  near  the  mines  wouid  be  of  the  greal- 
cst  value  in  running  the  furnaces.  It  is  be- 
lieved that,  with  an  adequate  supply  Mf 
labor  ana  capital,  which  annexatiou  woaM 
furnish,  with  increased  skill  and  knovy> 
ledge,  with  improved  machinery,  and  t'lM 
most  economic  processes,  the  gold  of  Nova 
Scotia  may  be  made  to  yield  for  centarrai 
millions  of  dollars  a  year. 

Nova  Scotia  abounds  in  minerals  for  jeir- 
elry  and  ornamental  purposes.  Among  theae, 
are  topaz,  girnet,  crystal  quartz,  rock  crys- 
tal, amethyst,,  smoky  quartz,  containiDf 
crystals  of  one  hundred  pounds  weight  aad 
of  great  value,  chalcedony,  agate,  jaaper, 
and  heliotropeor  blood  stone.  In  addition ts 
these,  twenty  other  beautiful  minerals, 
chiefly  adapted  for  the  cat)tnpt,  are  givea 
t)y  Professor  How,     (How;  179-lfltl.) 

Nova  Sc.)iia  aboumln  in  mineral  watera 
of  the  greatest  value.  (How,  pp.  192- 
260.)  The  abundant  supply  which  Nova 
Scotia  could  furnish  us  of  many  raw  ma- 
terials for  manufactures  and  chemicals, 
would  be  of  great  value. 
U  I  have  given  these  de,taiU  of  the  mineral 
wealth  of  Nova  Scotia,  not  so  much  to 
enlighten  your  i)eople,  as  for  the  informa- 
tion of  our  own  cilizans,  that  they  mvf- 
know  how  immense  is  the  value  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  how  liherai  should  be  the  terms 
offered  her  as  au  inducement  for  annex- 
ation.'^ You  may  also  here  contrast  yarn 
natural  advantages  wi»h  those  of  Mass*- 


IF 


.ihusetlB.     la  the  valuftble  little  work  on 
Hova  Scotia,  by  J.  B.  Calkin,  head  master 
of  the  provincial  model  school,  Truro,  NJ 
H.f  he  Bayn:  "Nova  Scotia  possesses  great 
■•x)mmercial  facilities  in  its  very  excellent 
liarbors;"  ho  then  names  the   principal, 
-eighty-six  in  number.    This  is  unequaled 
■  u  the  world.     "Few  countries  are  more 
liealthy  than  Nova  Scotia."    "The  hardier 
varieties  of  the  grape  come  to  maturity  in 
the    open    air."     (Calkin,    pp.    54,  47.) 
"Nova  Scotia  is  situated  in  the  vegetable 
mone,  whose  chiiniclerlstic  proilucts  are  the 
oak    and    wheat.    The  .  llora  is    similar 
to  that  of  the  northern  Stutcs  and  Canada. 
Tlie  forests  are  (.xtensive,  yielding  timber, 
lumber,  fuel,  Ac.     The  cone-bearing  ti-ees, 
fiuch  as  pine,   spruce,   larch,   &c.,   are  oi 
j>;reat  commercial  value.    The  most  valu- 
able hard  wood  trees,  are  oiik   and  beech, 
maple,  birch,  and  ash.     The  finest  orna- 
dcntal  trees,  are  the  elm,  poplar,  and  rowan, 
or  mountain   ash.     Many  beiimUul,  herba- 
<",cous  plants  are  indigenouato  the  province. 
The  principal  cultivated   fruits,  are  apples, 
pears,  plums,   cherries,  quince.,   currants, 
Ac.    The  common  cereals,  as  wheat,  oats, 
rye,  and  Barley,  are  succi-ssfully  cullivated; 
Indian  corn  is  ripened  without   difiiculty. 
Potatoes,  turnips,   bc^ts,    carrots,  &c  ,  are 
extensively  cultivated."— (Calkin,  pp.  HO,- 
'lO.) 

A  description  of  the  soil  of  Nova  Scotia 
is  thus  given  by  counties  by  Mr.  Calkin: 
Oupeb«yro — "good  in  the  north,  barren  in 
the  south,  except  on  the  rivers. "   Halifax — 
^'generally  peer,  except  on  the  rivers." 
tjunenburg — "much     fertile    soil,     espe- 
cially on  the   rivers  aud   shores  of  Ma- 
Sione    bay."       Qweens—"  rocky  and   bar- 
cea    on    the    coast,   fertile    tracts   in  the 
interior."      Shelbtirne  —  "  rocky  ;    exten-' 
aive    barrens'  and     peat     bogs."      Yar- 
wiouth — "rocky,  generally  arable."  Dighy— 
* 'average  quality;  good  soils  on  Digby  neck 
and  at  the  head  of  St    Mary's  bay."     An- 
napolis — "generally  fertile."  /unf^s— "gen- 
jrally  fertile,  superior  marsh."     Hants— 
'  'feriile,  good  marsh."  Cumberland — "gen- 
•  orally  fertile,  extensive    marshes"      Col- 
Hhetter — "generally   fertile,   good    marsh, 
•and  intervale."     Pictou — "generally  fer- 
'  iile,  good  intervale."    Aniigonish — "gen- 
erally fertile."    Inverness — "generally  fer- 
*'*ile."    Victoria — "generally  fertile."    Cape 


27r«<(?n— ••generally  fertile.'*  ntohmond— 
"best  soil  on  the  Bras  d'Or  lake  aud  aloD^ 
the  rivers."    (Calkin,  77,  79.) 

Judging  from  these  reports,  and  general 
Information,  wo  may  assume,  that  at  least 
twothirdt;  of  your  soil  is  fertile,  aud  more 
than  three-fourths  is  arable.    Horses,  sheep, 
swine,  and  cattle  arc  raised  extensively  in 
Nova  Scotia.    The  tonnage  of  Nova  Scotia 
in  186G,  was  400, GOS,  valued  at  $i;],74y,.,  17. 
The  tonnage  built  that  year  was  registered 
at  58,01.'?,  and  valued  at   |3,388  "80.     It  is 
clour  that  your  shlp-buildiDg,  freighting, 
anil  navigating  interest  will  be  greatly  pro- 
moted by  annexation.    We  have  seen  that 
ihi.?  would  Increase  youi*  internal  trade  with 
the  United  States  eight  times,  as  compared 
with  the  present  system  and   high  tarlif. 
This  alone  would  make  a  wonderful  in- 
crease in  your  ship-building  and  freighting. 
Bu;  there  is  a  still  larger  result  connected 
with  this  question:  It  is  the  opening  to  you 
freely,  with  ourselves,  the  great  lieneflts  oi 
the  coasting  trade,  from  which  you  are  now 
entirely  excluded.    This  trade  extends  froru 
Eastport,  Maine,  to  all  our  Atlantic  cities, 
to  New  Orleans,  and  thence  by  the  isthmus, 
or  around  Cape  Horn,  to  all  our  ports  on 
the  Paciflo.     It  also  includes  the  Internal 
navigation  of  all  our  rivers,  as  weJl  as  of 
our  lakes  and  canals.    The  whole  of  our 
ocean  coast  line,  including  bays  and  rivers 
on  both  shores,  reaches  44,000  miles.     That 
of  our  lakes,  3,020  miles;  that  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  its  tributaries,  35,644  miles; 
that  of  all  our  other  rivers  above  tide  water, 
58,907  miles — making  in  all  143,171  miles, 
requiring  a  vast,  annual  supply  of  shipping 
which  could  be  furnished  by  Nova  Scotia, 
whether  the  vessels  were  of  wood,  or  iron, 
or  both,   in   enornous  quantities,  and  as 
cheaply  as  by  any  other  State.     The  value 
of  the  lumber  and  timber  exported  in  1860, 
was  $704,997;  fish, §3,244, 940;  fish  oil  $133,- 
826;  horned  cattle  and  other  animals,  $174,- 
219;  vegetables,  $210,619;  butter  and  lard, 
$138,180.     We  thus  set,  even  by  these  im- 
perfect   returns,   what  great    advantages 
Nova  Scotia  has  in  her  lumber  aud  timber, 
in  uer  tonnage  and  ship-building,  and  fish- 
eries.   I  say,  then,  here,  without  any  fear 
of  successful  contradiction,  that  there  is  no 
area  of  the  world,  not  larger  than  that  of 
Nova  Scotia,  on  which  the  Creator  has  lav- 
ished such  bounties  and  such  wonderful 


f 


re  I 
lin 

wi 


In 


9 


natural  adyaatages.  Takiog  tho  conibinti- 
Uon  of  all  theso  advantngcA,  thcru  is  no 
Btate  '^f  Ihlfl  Union,  nor  of  tlie  world,  that. 
In  proportion  to  her  area,  can  compare  with 
Nova  Scotia. 

Let  us  first  contrast  some  of  the  natural  ad- 
vantnges of  Miiflsiichusetta and  Nova  bcotIa:.i 
Area  of  M>is8achU8<;tt8;  7,800  square  miles,! 
Nova  Scotii,  18,700.     Massacbusetls  shore  I 
line,  764  miles;  Nova  Scotia,  1,500  miles,  j 
Massachusetts— coal,  none;  Nova  Scotia- 
coal  moat   aluudant.  MMssachnsettB— cop 
per,  none;  Nova  Scotia— copper,  considera- 
ble.   Macsachusetts — gypsum,  none;  Nova 
Scotiii — gypsum  abundant.  Meissachusttts — 
freeetouu,  limestone,  grindstones,   marble, 
&c.,  comparatively  none;  Nova  Scotia — 
very     abundant.      Massachusetts  —  iron,j 
scarcely  any;  NovaScolia — very  abundant.! 
Massachusetts — gold,  none;  Nova  Scotia — j 
very  consideruble.    Massachusetts — sliver, ! 
argentiferous  galena,  antimony,  mercury, 
arsenic,  cobalt,  uioUcI,  bismuth,  lead,  ziuc, 
plumbago,   sulphur,    manganese,    borates, 
salt,  magnesia,  alum,  precious  stones,  cabi- 
net   minerals,   &o.,   comparatively    none; 
Nova  Scotia — all  found,  and  somo  in  con- 
siderable quantities.     Massachusetts— lum- 
ber and  timber,       ne;  Nova  Scotia — very 
considerable.         Massachusetts— fisheries, 
none  scarcely  on  her  own   shores;  Nova 
Scotia — large  and  valuable.    Mas'^achusetts 
— hydraulic    power,    considerable;    Nova 
Scotia — very  much  greater.    Massachusetts^ 
— soil  sterile;  Nova  Scotia — fertile.  Massa- ! 
chusetts— averag  !  distance  of  lands  fromj 
navigation,   TjO    miles;    Nova     Scotia— 10 
miles.     Such  is  a  brief  summary  of  one  of' 
the  greatest  contrasts  in  natural  advantnge- 
that  perhaps    ever  existed    between  two 
States.     In  Ma' sachusetts,   labor  is  king,' 
and  virtue,   liberty,    and    knowledge  urei 
prime  ministers.      Her  great    staples  are! 
schools,  newspapers,   intellect,  and   Indus! 
try.     She  has  an  army   of  two  huudred' 
thousand  pupils  at  the  pu">>lic  schools;  but, 
above  all,  she  has  the  markets,  free  and  un- 
restricted for  all  her  products,  of  forty  mil- 
lions of  people.     Indeed   it,   is  the  Union, 
with  all  Its  countless  benefits  and  blessings, 
but  especially  with  free  trade  among  all  the 
States,  that  has  made  M  issachusetts  great, 
rich,  and  powerful.     Had  she  remained  a 
British  colony,  Massachusetts  would  have 
had  no  such  career.    Let  us  look  at  some 


of  the  results  which  llboity  and  the  Union, 
free  institutions,  and  free  trade  between  the 
States    have    achieved  for   Massachusotts, 
contrasted   with  Nova  Scotia.     Massacbu- 
setts,  by  census  of   1800,   the  population 
was  1,231,000;  Nova   Scotia,  by  census  of 
1801,  a30,8r)7.     Massachusetts,   total  value 
of  real  and  personnl  property,  by  census  of 
1800, 1^815,337,433     Nova  Bcntla,  by  census 
of   1801,    $01,205,014.     Massftchu.Hetts,  by 
State    returns    of     18C8,     $1,300,000,000. 
(Com'r  L.  O.  R.,  1808,  p.  200.)     Such  has 
been  the  wonderful  proi;res9  of  Massachii- 
setts,    one    of   tlio  smallest   States  in  the 
Union,  with  a  sterile  soil,  a  severe  climate, 
and  no  mineral  wealtli.  Il  Is  manufactures, 
and  the  markets  of  a  great  nation  for  them, 
that  have  accomplished   tliese  miracles  of 
progress.     The^'c  results  I  have  taken  from 
our  census     P.  is  our  i^  merican   Evangel, 
proclaiming  at   each  decade,  not  onlj'  for 
Massachusetts,  but  for   tlie  whole   nation, 
the  decennial  progress  of   American   inter- 
nal free  trade,  liberty,  and   Union.     These 
results  are  prophesies,  for  each  decade  ful- 
fills the  predictions  of  its  predecessor 

Let  us  now  look  at  the  progress  of  some 
other  of  our  American  States.  The  State 
of  New  York  contained  In  1790  a  popula- 
tion of  340,120;  In  1800,  3,880,735.  Penn- 
sylvania, population  in  1790,  434,373;  in 
1800,  2,000,115.  Illinois,  population  1810, 
12,282;  in  1860, 1,711,951.  Mic  ,gan,  popu- 
latiou  in  1810,  4,702;  In  1820,  8,765;  in 
1830,31,639;  in  1860,  749,11.3.  Wisconsin, 
population  in  1840,  30,749;  in  1800,  775,- 
881.  Iowa,  population  in  1840,  43,112;  in 
1850,  192,214;  in  1800,  074  913.  Min- 
nesota,  population  in  1850,  0,077;  iu  1800, 
172,133. 

There  is  no  parallel   to   these  results  in 
the  history  of  the  world.     Let  us  novv  look 
at  the  progress  of  population  in  the  whole 
United  St  ites  : 
Year.  Population. 

1790 3,933,827 

1800 5,305  937 

1810 7,239.814 

1830 9,638,191 

1830 13,866,020 

1840 17,0«9,4.')3 

18.50 33,191,876 

1860 31,445,080 

This  striking  regularity  in  the  progress 
of  our  population,  arose  from  the  fact,  that 
European  immigration  increased  at  each 
decade,  in  a  ratio  fully  corresponding  with 


Rite  of  increase 

35.03 

30.45 

83.13 

33  49 

32.67 

35.87 

35  59 

wm 


Ti 


IF 


our  augmentation  of  population.     The  itn- 

rrigration  here,  from  1859  to  18G0,  including 

that  which  came  from  and   through  the; 

Canadas,  wns  3,000,000.    Now,  according' 

to  the  Btatistical  tables,   ihe  average  net 

value  of  the  products  of  each  person   is 

$1,0U0  during  Ihe  average  duration  of  hu 

maH  life.    Multiply  our  immigration   from 

1850  to  1800  by  !:,1,000,  and  it  makes  an 

addition  of  f  3,r00..000,000  to   our  wealth 

by  the  immigration  of  one  decade.     If  our  i 

population  increased  during  each  decade 

until  1900  in  the  sume  ratio  a'^  from  1850  to j 

1860,  the  result  would  be  as  follows  :  j 

la  1870 43.fl36,8.5s' 

In  1880 ft7  791,81.5' 

In  I860 78,359.243 

In  1900 , 100,247.297 

Our  late  census  superintendent,  in  an  offi- 
cial report,  making  a  due  allowance  f(>r  the 
effect  of  our  la  to  war,  estimated  our  popnla- 
tiou  in  1900  at  100,355,802,  making  a  differ- 1 
ence  of  nearly  si.x  millions  as  compare!  with  | 
former   progress.     This  is  a  "aost  reasona-! 
ble  estimate,   for  we  know  that  European! 
immigration   is    prepariag    to  reach    outi 
shores  in  vastly  augmented  numbers.   This 
isowing  to  several  causes:  First.  Thewoild' 
is  now  convincv'^d   of   the    permanence  of' 
our  institutions,  and  that  we  are  the  strong- 1 
est  Government  on  earth,  both  in  war  and 
peace,  re^^tiug  upon  the  broad  basis  of  the 
suppc-t  find  afflictions  of  the  people.  With 
out  a  conscription,  two  millions  of  volua- 
teers  rushed  to  th-  defence  of  the   Union, 
and  continued  the  contest  until  the  pro- 
slavery  rebellion  was  overthrown.     This 
sublime   devotion   to  country,   without    a 
parallel,  or  oven  a  distant  approach  t»  it, 
arose  from  the  nature  of  our  Goyernment. 
Each  volunteer  -^  us  a  voter,    who  felt  that 
he  was  defending  his  own  rights;  that  this 
rt'as  /''JsGovernu.oni.,  which  he  would  trans- 
mit to  his  children,  all  whole  and  undivided. 
This  American  Union,  this  great  inherit- 
ance of  freedom,  is  tne   only  legacy  which 
the  poor  can  transmit  to  their  descendants, 
and  yet  they  die  content.     They  know  that 
this  Union  can  never  die,  nor  even  a  single 
star  fade  from  our  banner.     TLJ.s  convic  | 
lion,  as  to  the   btrength  of  our   Govern- 
ment, has  not  onl}'  reached  the   masses  of  i 
the  people  of  Eai-ope,  but  also  kings  aad; 
emperors,  and  their  cabinets,  especially  in  I 
England.     This  is  well  illustrated  in  a  re- 1 
ceut  derlftration    of  Mr.   Gladstone,    the 


English  Premier,  and  the  greatest  of  all 
her  statesmen,  excfl  It  Joiin  Bright.**  Mr. 
Bright,  throughout  the  contest,  predicted 
our  success,  and,  at  the  darkest  period  of 
the  war,  with  foi-ccasting  vision,  he  un- 
rolled the  scroll  of  history,  and  sketched 
our  coining  destiny,  when  the  American 
Union,  as  he  foretold,  should  embrace 
within  its  limits  the  whole  Ainerican  Con- 
tinent. In  his  great  speech  at  Birming- 
ham in  1862,  alluding  to  the  destin;  of  our 
Union,  he  said:  "I  have  another  and  far 
brighter  vision  before  my  gaze.  It  may  be 
a  vision,  but  I  will  cherish  it.  I  see  one 
vast  Confederation  stretching  from  the 
frozen  Korlh  in  unbroken  Hue  to  the  glow- 
ing South,  and  from  lue  wild  billows  of 
the  Atlantic  westwari^  to  the  calmer  water 
of  the  Pacific  main;  and  I  see  one  people, 
and  one  language,  and  one  faith;  and  over 
all  that  wide  continent,  the  homes  of  free- 
men, the  home  of  freedom,  and  the  refuge 
for  the  opnres."d  of  every  race  and  clime!"',) 

This  is  the  same  John  Bright,  who  was 
your  leading  friend,  who  endeavored  to  in- 
duce Parliament  to  inquire  into  your  griev- 
ances in  connecvion  with  the  repeal  ques- 
tion, lie  was  for  you  and  for  us,  because 
we  were  br)th  right,  and  because  he  is 
always  the  friend  of  justice  and  humanity. 
Come,  then,  Nova  Scotians!  Come,  Ameri- 
cans! Come  our  brethren  of  this  great  Con- 
tinent, and  hasten,  by  all  peaceful  means, 
the  fulfillment  of  that  inevitable  destiny, 
fraught  with  such  countless  blessings  and 
benefits  to  you  and  to  us. 

The  2d  reason  why  immigration  liere  will 
increase  more  rapidly  herear^er,  is  this : 
The  liomestead  bill,  passed  duiing  the  war, 
e;ivi'8.  substantially,  to  eaoh  settler  upon  the 
public  domain,  w'^ether  native  or  immi- 
grant, IGO  acres  of  public  lands,  on  the  sole 
f  ndition  of  .settlement  and  cultivation. 
This  bill  is  now,  for  the  first  time,  bein^ 
made  generally  known  to  the  masses  of  the 
people  of  Europe,  accomi<Hnif(l  by  maps, 
descriptive  notes  and  surveys,  together  with 
aa  account  uf  the  character  and  products 
of  the  soil,  and  the  vicinage  of  bays,  lakes, 
rivers,  railroads,  c  lanals.  Our  railroad 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  is  substan- 
tially finished,  and  New  York  and  San 
Francisco  will  soon  exchange  greetings  by 
mail  within  a  week's  lime.  The  completiou 
of  this  road  will  greatly  iacrease  immigra- 


I 


■mm 


TT 


tiou  to  tha  West,  but    especially  to  tbt; 
States  uear  or  upon  tl'"3   Pacific.     Califor 
nia,  alone,  if  baviofe  as  n.any  people  to  the 
square   mile    as  Massachusetts  noxN'    has, 
would  contain  37,000,000  of  inhabitants. 

Experience  has  shown,  that  distance  from 
our  seat  of  government  creates  no  obstacle, 
even  at  the  most  remote  p^nnts,  to  the  suc- 
cessful operations  cf  the  Union.  The  Pa- 
cific States  were  among  the  most  loyal 
throughout  the  rebellion,  f^^or  does  the 
number  oi  States  or  people  create  any  dif- 
ficulty. The  reason  is  obvious:  the  Gen- 
eral Qoverrmenthas  a  few  gvoat  but  clearly 
specified  powers,  such  as  to  make  war  or 
peace,  to  preserve  the  Union  from  all  as- 

~  sailants,  foreiga  or  domestic;  to  control 
our  foreign  relations,  to  regulate  commerce 
with  foreign  nations  and  amon»  the  States, 
to  coin  money  and  control  the  curreuoy, 
to  establish  post  ofllces  and  post  roads,  &c. 

vEach  State  for  itself  regulates  all  its  own 
local  concerns,  and  all  that  thus  affects  life, 
liberty,  and  propcty  in  all  the  social  and 
domestic  relations  between  man  and  man 
within  its  I'mits.  Nor  does  the  exploded 
objection,  that  a  republic  such  as  ours,  is 
suited  only  to  a  limited  area,  fiud  now  any 
advocaies.  Until  1803,  our  whole  area  was 
but  800,000  square  miles;  but  now,  by  suc- 
cessive additions,  it  embraces,  4,000,000  of 
jsquare  miles,  and  the  Union  and  the  Gov- 
ernment have  been  greatly  strengthened  by 
each  annexation.  Variety  of  products  in  i 
creases  the  interchange  betvveenthe  States, 
enlarges  our  domestic  trade  and  inter- j 
course,  increasing  business  and  augment- [ 
ing  the  demand  for  labor.  The  increased 
number  of  States  and  people  only  strength- 
ens the  Union,  and  mukes  it  more  benefl 
cial  to  all  its  parts.  Each  State  has  thus  a 
far  greater  interest  in  the  Union,  w*hen  its 
markets  embrace  thirty-seven  States,  in- 
stead of  thirteen,  anl  forty  niilHons,  instead 
of  three  millions  of  people.  Nova  Scotia 
knows  that  it  would  be  much  better  for  her 
t#  obtain  here  the  markets  of  forty  rather 
than  of  three  millions  of  people,  and  what, 
she  readily  peiceives,  is  thoroughly  under- 
stood by  the  people  of  all  our  States.  Every 
addition,  then,  to  our  tcnitoiy  and  popula 
tion,  is  a  new  bond  of  Union,  greatly  aug- 
menting our  wealth  and  power. 

»»  Observe,  now,    our'*coterminous  boun- 


dary   of    five    thousand 
uuit.es    us    witli    British 


miles,     which 
America,     ex- 


tending from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
and  the  Arctic  sea.  Look  at  the  lakeSy 
rivers,  oceans,  railrqaJs,  and  canals  which 
unite  us;  loi>k  at  the  persistent,  ever  active, 
and  constantly  augmenting  force  of  the 
mutual  attraction  of  kindred  race,  of  Ian, 
guage,  of  institutions,  of  interest,  and  geo- 
graphical position,  and  then  ask  yourselves 
how  long  this  moral  force  can  be  re8!3ted. 
Why  resist  it  any  longer?  Let  Nova  Scotia 
come  first,  and  all  British  America  would 
soon  follow.  . ' 

3d.  Perhaps  the  greatest  cause  of  in- 
creased immigration  from  Europe,  will  be 
found  in  the  disappearance  of  slavery. 
This  kept  back  thousands  of  European  im- 
migrants from  our  shores,  and  esf^cially 
from  the  rich  and  sparsely  settled  lands  of 
the  South.  Our  Southern  cotton  culture 
has  been  greatly  injured  for  a  shovt  time 
by  the  war,  and  by  the  disorganization  of 
labor;  but,  in  a  short  time,  the  cotton 
culture  of  the  South  will  be  revived  with 
renewed  vigor  and  success.  The  culture 
will  he  carried  on  like  the  agriculture  of 
the  North,  by  free  labor;  the  lands  will  be 
subdivided  as  there  info  sma'l  farms,  well 
cultivated,  and  yielding  large  additional 
products  per  acre,  not  in  cotton  only,  but 
in  all  the  great  Southern  staples,  if  any 
doubt  this,  let  ihem  look  at  the  census  of 
18G0,  which  shows  that  the  agricultural 
product  of  the  free  States  in  1850,  was 
$131  48  per  capita,  and  of  the  skve  States,  it 
was  the  same  year  $70  56  per  capita.  Thus, 
the  agricultural  product  of  the  free  States,  . 
was  nearly  double  that  of  the  slave  States 
per  capita  in  1359,  notwithstanding  the  far 
richer  lands  and  much  more  vuluablo 
staples  of  the  Souih. 

For  all  these  reasons,  it  seems  clear,  that 
the  estimate  of  the  superinteodeut  of  the 
census,  of  one  hundred  millions  as  our 
population  in  1900,  will  be  fully  realized. 
It  is,  then,  the  markets  of  forty  millions  of 
people  now,  rapidly  augmenting  every 
year,  until  it  exceeds  one  hundred  millions 
in  1900,  that  Nova  Scotia  is  asked  t<,  reject, 
and  tike  as  a  substitute  five  or  six  hundred 
thousand  dollars  a  yeir  of  exports  to  the 
Dominion,  and  from  three  to  seven  hundred 
housand  dollars  a  year  to  England,  leaving 
a  deficit  of  five  or  six  millions  of  dollars  a 
year,  t)  be  made  up,  if  possible,  by  the 
profits  of  other  trades  But  if,  os  predicted 
by  your  greattst  Btatesuian,  and   as  we 


12 


all  most  firmly  believe,  the  Americnn  conti- 
nent should  soon  be  ours,   our  populiition 
in  1900  would  reach  150,000,000  of  people. 
Here  would  be  the  reign  of  liberty,  peace, 
and   Union,  and  of   free~  trade  between  all 
the  States.     Now,  look  at  Europe.    It  is 
little  more  than  a  military  camp,   bristling 
with  four  millions  of  bayonets,  covered  wtth 
forts  and  arsenals,  and  composed  of  thirty- 
eight  separate  and  often   hostile  Govern- 
ments.    Our  great  trans  continental   rail 
road  is  substantially  completed,  the  con 
struction  of  the  ship  canal  at  the  isthmus 
of   Darien  will  sooq  follow.     Who,  then, 
will  command  the  commorce  of  the  world? 
Having  looked  into  the  increase  of  popula- 
tion, let  us  now  examine  that  of  our  wealth, 
as  shown  by  our  census      In  1850 our  total 
wealth  by  the  census  was  ^7,135,780,228; 
in  1860,    $16,159,616,068.     Thus,   our  in 
crease  of   wealth   from  1850  to  1860  was 
126.45  per  cent.     In   England  the  increase 
of  wealth  by  the  census,  from  1851  to  1801, 
was  37' per  cent.     Assuming  these  ratios, 
the  result  would  be  as  follows: 

United  KiDgdom,  1801,  wealih,  $31,500,000,000 
"  '•         1871        '•         43,155  000  000 

"  "         1S81        "  59.122,350.000 

"  «•         If-Ol        "  bO.997,619.500 

"  •'         1901        "        110  9(50,837,715 

Applying  the  percentage  of  the  increase 
of  our  wealth,  the  result  would  be  as  fol- 
lows: 
United  Statee,   If'CO,   Vi-ealth,  $16,159,610,068 

"  36,593,450  585 

"  82.805,808,849 

"         187  314  353.225 


1870 

1880 

1890 

J  900 

1901 

423.330.438,288 
"         4(33,330.438,288 

Thus,  if  each  Dation  increased  in  the 
same  ratio  respectively,  as  for  the  last  de- 
cade, the  wealth  of  the  United  Staees  in 
1880  would  exceed  that  of  the  United 
King  Jom  $23;743,518,849;  in  1890  it  would 
be  much  more  than  double;  in  1901  much 
more  than  quadiuple,  our  excess  being 
1352,363,000,573.  These  are  astounding 
results;  but  our  census  shows  that  the  ratr 
of  increase  of  our  wealth  from  1850  to 
1800  was  much  greater  than  during  any 
preceding  dcade.  Thus,  the  previous  re- 
sults, so  fur  back  as  the  returns  were  {;iven, 
are  as  follows: 

From  1820  to  1830 41  per  cen* 

From  1830  to  1840 42        " 

From  1840  to  1850 64        •« 

From  1850  to  1860 120.45  " 

The  causes  of  this  wonderful  and  pro- 
gressive increase  of  our  wealth  are  easily 
explained : 


Ist.  We  have  seen  that  our  wenllh,  from 
1850  to  1860,  was  increased  |S,000, 000,000 
by  immigration  alone. 

2d.  The  whole  of  the  pufvlic  hinds  owned 
by  the  United  States  amounted  to  2,807,- 
185  square  miles,   or  1,834,998,400  acres. 
Of  this  there  remains  unsold,  and  now  the 
•[iroperty  of  the  Government,  1,405,360,678 
acres.     (See  Report  of  Conimlssioner  of 
General  Land  Office  for  November,  1868, 
p.  164.)     This  area  exceeds  by  1,200,000 
square  miles,  all  Europe  outside  of  Russia. 
The  pecuniary  condition  of  an   individual 
or  a  State,  whose  property  in  in   excess  of 
its  indebtedness,  is  always  considered  sae. 
Tljcse   lands  and    mines    connected   with 
them,  are  worth  more  than  our  whole  pub- 
lic debt.     We  do   not,  however,  sell  tl.ose 
lauds  or  mines.     The  lands  are  given  in 
quarter  sections,  of  160  acres  each,  to  every 
tettler,  native  or  immigrant,  who  will  re- 
side upon  and  cultivate  tbem,  and  the  mines 
of  the  precious  metals  are  also  given  in  an 
adequate  number  of  feet  to  each  uiiner  who 
will  work  them.     Commissioner  Wilson, 
in  one  of  his  great   Land   Office  Reports, 
speaks  of  our  put)li<.;  domain   as  follows  : 
"It  embraces  soils  ra  pa  Vile  of   abundant 
yield  of  the  rich  productions  of  the  tropics, 
of  sugar,   cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  corn,  and 
the  grape  ;  the  vintage,  now  a  stable,  par- 
ticularly so  of  California  ;  of  the  great  ce- 
reals,  wheat  and  corn,   in  the  Western, 
Northwestern,  and   Pacific  States,  and  in 
that  vast  interior  region  from  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains ;  and  thence  to  the  chain   formed  by 
the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascades,  the  eatt- 
em  w^all  of  the  Pacific  s^ope,  every  variety 
of  soil  is  found  revealing  its  wealth." 

"Instead  of  dreary  iuarable  wastes,  as 
supposed  in  earlier  times,  tie  millions  of 
buffalo,  elk,  d^cr,  mounttiin  sLeip,  the 
primitive  inhabitants  of  the  soil,  fed  by  the 
hand  of  nature,  attett  lis  cai;aciiy  for  the 
abundant  support  of  a  dense  population 
shrough  the  tkillful  toil  of  the  p.gricultu 
ralist,  dealing  with  *.he  tailh  under  the 
guidance  of  the  science  of  the  present 
age." 

"Not  only  is  the^ield  of  food  for  man 
in  this  region  abundant,  but  ii  holds  in  its 
bosom  the  predous  metals  of  gold,  silver, 
with  cinnabar,  the  useful  metals  of  iron, 
lead,    copper,   interspersed  with  immense 


.>«M».<rf»9>ilM>,.' 


13 


belts  or  strata  of  that  propulBive  elemen 
C02.1,"  &c.. 

la  his  official  report  to  Congress  of 
November,  1808,  Commist-ioncr  Wilson 
says:  "In  twenty  years  we  have  probably 
added  to  the  metallic  circulating  medium 
of  the  world  about  $1,250,000,000,  ten  per 
cent,  of  which  is  eilvor  Of  the  "vorld'a" 
annual  product,  about  $200,000,000,  we 
are  producing  more  than  one-half."  Our 
recent  discoveries  of  mines  of  gold  and 
silver,  made  known  siiice  Mr.  "Wilson's 
report,  are  of  the  most  startling  character. 
The  first  reports  of  the  White  Pine  silver 
mines  of  Nevada  were,  to  a  great  extent, 
discredited  here;  but  the  actual  results  arc 
now  realized.  That  these  mines  do  yield  from 
$1,500  to  $2,000  per  ton,  of  sUver,  is  now 
an  ascertained  fact.  These  mines  are  of 
great  extent,  and,  in  the  quantity  pro- 
duced, exceed  the  richest  virgin  silver 
quarries  of  Mexico.  Our  latest  accounts 
from  Alaska,  also,  fully  confirm  the  great 
value  of  the  gold  mines  of  that  region.  No 
account  h  taken  in  our  census  of  the  public 
lands  or  the  mines  upon  them;  they  are 
only  estimated  as  a  part  of  our  wealth  when 
-'they  become  private  property.  This  sys 
tern  of  free  grants  to  miners  and  settlers,  is 
found  to  incrr  ^se  the  national  wealth  and 
population  much  more  rapidly  than  sales  of 
lands  and  mines.  It  stimulates  labor,  which 
produces  all  wealth,  and  encourages  the 
hardy  miner  in  his  daily  toil.  It  makes  the 
axe  and  the  plough,  the  great  emblems  of 
American  civiiizaiion.  The  forest  is  re- 
moved, or  the  prairie  ploughed,  the  cabin 
is  built,  and  the  settler,  whe^^  the  toUs  of 
the  day  are  over,  meets,  at  his  humble  board, 
a  happy  and  contented  family.  The  farms 
soon  become  settlements,  villages.  Then 
counties,  territories,  and  cities  emerge  from 
the  wilderness.  Manufactures  and  other 
industriei;  soon  follow.  New  States  are 
organized  and  introduced  into  the  Union. 
Within  the  last  nineteen  years,  six  new 
Sta.:3  and  nine  Territories  (soon  to 
become  States)  have  thus  been  organ 
ized  within  our  limits.  Do  you  mar- 
vel then  at  our  wonderful  increase  of 
wealth  and- population?  It  is  the  same 
cystem  that  has  carried  the  fcifeterhood  of 
States  from  ♦he  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific, 
and  now  binds  them  together  by  our  first 
great  Continental  railroad.  This  will  be 
followed  by  many  others,  and  esp«cially 


by  the  great  Northern  and  Southern  routes. 
The  flrbt  of  these,  with  its  magaificent  land 
grant  from  Congress,  will  be  the  Northern 
Pacific,  running  from  the  headwaters  of 
Lake  Superior  to  Portland,  on  the  waters  of 
the  Oregon  river,  and  to  Puget  sound. 
Skirting  below  ihe  British  Territory,  it 
will  give  a  grand  route  for  British  North 
America  from  Nova  Scotia  through  New 
Brunswick,  and  Maine,  and  New  York, 
and  Chicago,  and  St,  Paul,  the  Red  river 
of  the  North,  and  thence  to  the  Pacific. 
Our  British  friends  may  diverge  from  Chi- 
cago, by  Omaha,  by  tLe  Union  and  Central 
Pacific  to  San  Francisco,  or  the  trains  from 
Montreal  may  connect  with  either  of  those 
routes.  But  no  continuous  railroad  route, 
entirely  through  British  territory,  can  ever 
I  unite  Hiilifax  and  Montreal  with  the  Pa- 
cific. Nature  forbids  the  banns.'/^Indeed, 
British  Columbia,  surrounded  by  oar  terri- 
tory and  population,  north  and  south,  is 
essentially  American  In  feeling  and  in  in- 
terest. Her  last  Provincial  Legislature  re- 
jected the  proposed  Union  with  the  Cana- 
dian dominion,  by  a  vote  of  more  tha  ntwo 
to  one.  Indeed,  British  Columbia,  has 
been  rained  ar.J  depoi>ulated  for  want  of 
our  markets,  which  are  esE^^ntial  to  her  ex- 
istence. They  have  requested  England  to 
permit  them  to  be  annexed  to  the  United 
States.  /  ' 
It  has  been  estimated  by  the  opponents 

ofannexatioH  in  Nova  Scotia,  but  espe- 
cially in  the  Canadian  Dominion,  that  your 
and  their  people  would  pay,  on  annexa- 
tion, a  Federal  internal  revenue  tax,  esti- 
mated at  five  dollars  a  head.  The  popula- 
tion of  Nova  Scotia  having  been  30^,857 
in  18G1,  a  tax  of  five  dollars  a  head  would 
amount  to  $1,654,285  per  annum.  Now, 
in  point  of  fact,  your  portion  of  our  inter- 
nal revenue  tax  would  be  much  nearer  in 
proportion  to  wealth  than  population.  But 
the  result  in  your  case  would  be  more 
favorable  to  you  than  this,  the  collections 
being  small,  even  in  proportion  to  wealth, 
where  there  are  no  great  commercial  or 
manufacturing  centres.  Your  wealth  in 
1861,  as  heretofore  given,  was  $61,205,014, 
and  yet  there  are  three  men  and  firms  in 
New  York,  whose  tax  would  exceed  that  of 
Nova  Scotia.  The  ofilcial  table  herewith 
published  shows  that  the  internal  taxes  paid 
by  the  different  States  were  not  in  proportion 
to  population,  but  much  more  nearly  in  the 
ratio  of  wealth  : 


w 


14 


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,S^inai^>),*'0  beg  i 


•=5;2Tid;Km?P  f  i-J^aoro^S^'w-^r  it's 


id  {3  ^  '^ 


15 


^ 


u 


3 


Speaking  on  this  subject,  at  the    close  of 
iis  great  report  of  Kotember,  1868,  Com- 
tiliiflsioner  Wilson  says  )•  "The  total  popu 
Iriiitfn  of  the  United  States  in  1860  was.  in 
rouad  iJi/mbeis,  31,500,000.    In  1865,  it  is 
estimateci  tlat  the  population  ■was  85,500,- 
000.    At  thei  present  tinu.\  November  1, 
1808,  according   to   the   most    satisfactory 
estimate,  it  is  89,2o0,000.     In  1870,  accord- 
ing to  existing  ratios,  tlie  population  of  this 
country  will  be  over  42,250,000.    At  the 
end  of  the  present   century,   107,000,000/' 
Judging  by   the  returns,  our  wealth  will 
have  more  than  doubled  in  1870. 
Analyzlngtbe1able,the  State  of  New  York, 
with  less  than  a  ninth  of  the  total  popular 
tlon,  approximated  in  payment  one  fourth 
of  the  whole  internal  tax;  and  Massachu- 
setts, with  less  than  a  thirtieth  of  the  popu- 
lation,  paid   a  proportion  exceeding  one- 
'teiiilh  of  the  whole  tax.     We  have  no  Fed- 
.eral  land  tax.    The  State  that  approached 
jneare«£  Nova  Scotia  in  wealth  and  popula- 
tion, by  the  returnB,  was  Minnesota,  al- 
though ii  was  considerably  in  excess  of 
Nova  8c®tia,  both  as  to  wealth  and  popu- 
lation.   y,e,t,  with  this  excess,  Minnesota 
contributed  but   |36^,000  in  payment  oi 
the  internal  tax  of  1808.     Judging  by  Min- 
nesota, the  iuteiTial  tax  to  be  paid  by  Nova 
Scotia  in  1808  would   have   been   about 
^000,000.     But,  (there    is    another   fact  ol 
great    importanoe    in    connection     with 
this  question;  it  is  this — that  our  wealth 
more    than     doubles    every    ten     years, 
thus  rendering  the  internal  tix  necessary 
for  the  support  ofthe  Government,  fifty  per 
•cent,  less  onerous  at  each  decade.     Indeed, 
•with  the  reduction  of  expenditures  now 
going  on,  and  the  increased  revenue  from 
other  sources,  no  dtubtis  entertained,  that, 
within  four  or  five  years,  our  whole  internal 
taxation  may  and  will  be  entirely  repealed, 
except  i-pon  liquors  and  otacr  intoxicating 
drinks,  upon  tobacco,  and  a  just  and  rea- 
sonable tax  on  the  national  banks,  which 
caust  soon  yield  large  results,  inasmuch  as 
tlie  free  banking  system  must  be  adopted  at 
an  early  day.     But  Iken  it  must  not  be  for- 
gotten ,  that,  whatever  addition  to  the  ag 
gregate  of  the  internal  tax,  or  from  revenue 
derived  from  the  tariff  followed  the  annex- 
tion  of  British  America,  would  enable  us 
still  further  to  reduce  the  internal  taxation, 
or  applf  such  excess  to  great  works  of  in- 


iternal  improvtfWfeflt,  including  the  enlafge- 
i  ment,  to  their  utft**st  capacity,  of  all  ouf 
own,  (as  well  as  the  C»i.tediau  canals,)  o( 
!  which  the  great  cut  from  Chicago  to  the 
j  Illinois  river  would  be  prominent  in  giving 
I  access  to  the  va..ty  of  the  Mississippi. 
I  Among  the  great  works,  iu  the  event  of  an- 
!nexation,  undoubtedly  wculil  be  the  deep 
canals  from  Lake  Huron  to  Toronto,  from 
the  sirae  lake  by  the  Ottawa  to  Monirea), 
Jaad  thence  to  St.  John's  on  the  Richelieu 
river.  Of  course,  we  would  enlarge  all 
:our  own  canals  from  Buffalo,  from  Os  A'Cgo, 
■and  from  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  to 
I  the  Hudson  river.  The  people  ot  the  West 
I  and  Northwest  mv8t  and  will  have  tliexn 
i enlarged  c?.nal3,  their  accumulating  pi 
j  ducts  demand  it,  they  must  and  will  have 
\cheap  freight  and  no  monopolies,  and  ctose 
itoburn  Indian  corn  for  firewood  in  the 
!  West,  for  want  of  proper  facilities  for 
'  market. 

I     The   attempt   to    force  the  union  with 
i Canada  upon  Nova  Scotia  against  her  will 
and  protest,  is  one  of  the  most  stupendous 
I  blunders  in  modern  history.     It  transcends 
in  tyranny  any  occurrence  in  the  worst 
days  of  the  Stuarts.     Notwithstanding  the 
I  warning  voice  of  John  Bright  and  eighty- 
j  seven    of  his  associates    in  the  House  of 
!  Commons,  that  House  refused  even  to  ia- 
j  quire  into  the  grave  and  truthful  facts  set 
I  forth  in  the  most  respectful  petitions  of 
lyour  Legislature   and  people.     How  often 
i  history  inscribes  its  warning  upon  the  walls 
j  of  royal  palaces,   and  sends  its  mournful 
I  echoes  through  the  long  corridor  of  centu- 
Iries!  Yes,  history  continually  repeats  itself. 
I  The  present  position  of  Nova  Scotia,  closely 
[resembles  ouj- own  in  1774,  preceding  the 
American  Revolution.   Then,  our  colonies, 
setting  forth  their  grievances,    requested 
redress,  and  most  truly  represented  their 
earnest  desire  to  continue  the  British  con- 
nection.   How  strange  now  sound  to  us 
the  loyal  words,  then  bearing  the  signa- 
tures of  Washington,  Franklin,  Jefferson, 
the  Adamses,  Hancock,  and  other  distin- 
guished patriots  of  the  Revolution  I 

Read  these  words,  fellow-Americans  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  see  how  parallel  your 
prflsenl  position  is  with  that  of  ours  in  1774; 
Then  we  were  most  loyal  subjects;  but  our 
ffCtition  for  redress  being  coutumeliously 
rejected,  we  fought  iu  1775  many  battles 


16 


-with  British  troops  as  enemies,  but  still  for 
our  rights  as  Eaglishmea  under  the  Brit^isb 
constitution.  Nor  was  it  until  the  4th  of 
July,  1776,  that  we  declared  our  independ- 
ence. Who  now  doubts  that  we  were  right 
on  that  occasion? 

Besides  the  memorial  above  referred  to, 
on  the  26th  of  October,  1774,  the  American 
Continental    Congress,  (as  shown  by  its 
journal,)  in  closing  an  address  to  King 
George  111,  adopted  the  following  declara- 
tion: "That  your  Majesty  may  enjoy  every 
felicity  through   a   long  and  prosperous 
reign  over  loyal  and  bappy  subjects,  and 
that  your  descendants   may  inherit  your 
prosperity  and  dominion  till  time  shall  be 
no    more,    is   and    always   will   be   our 
sincere    and   fervent    prayer."     But   allj 
redress  or  hearing  being  refused,  within : 
gix    months  the  first  blood   was  shed  at; 
Lexington  by  British  troops;    Bunker  Hill 
followed,  and  as  promptly  as  a   gallant 
army  ever  obeyed  the  battle  reveille,  the 
people  rose  to  arms.     But,   in  1774,  our ! 
people  had  been  most  loyal,  and  at  a  time  | 
when  loyalty  to  kings  was  a  sentiment; 
much  deeper  und  more  universal  than  it  j 
ever  has  been  since  tae  whole  system  has  i 
been  rocking  on  its  base  under  the  teach- 1 
ings  and  results  of  the  American  Rovolu- ; 
tion.  I 

Our  complaint  was  taxation  without  repre- 
sentation ;  but,  although  this  was  a  great 
grievance,  it  docs  not  compare  in  atrocity 
with  the  attempt  against  your  will  and  pro- 
test to  transfer  you  as  slaves  to  a  foreign 
Dominion.  Who  wonders  that  you  resist 
and  denounce  the  effort?  As  Lord 
Chatham  said  of  us  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  "You  would  be  fit  to  be  slaves 
if  you  did  not  resist."  Rest  assured, 
England  will  never  attempt  to  drive  you 
by  force  into  the  Canadian  Dominion, 
Continue  to  endeavor  to  obtain  for  Nova 
Spotia  a  repeal  of  the  Union.  But  if, 
after  one  more  effort,  this  should  fail,  or 
even  if  now  you  should  regard  the  case  as 
hopeless,  then  you  should  commence  im- 
mediately a  most  earnest  effort  for  annexa- 
tion to  the  United  States.  In  hoc  signo 
vinces.  Appeal  to  the  masses  of  the  peo- 
ple everywhere,  organize  your  committees 
in  every  county  and  district.  Speak 
through  the  press,  through  public  oral 
addresses,  through  lectures  and  social  in- 


tercourae.  Let  there  bo  no  thought  of  war 
nor  of  any  collision,  except  of  argument 
iiud  intellect.  Do  this,  and  your  success  is 
certain. 

The    proposed     Canadian     Dominion, 
stretching    from    Newfoundland    to    the 
Arctic  and  Pacific,  is  but  llftlo  more  than 
a  fragmentary  selvage  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  composed  of  detached  parts,   incapa- 
ble of  intercommunication,  or  cf  being 
conflolidated  into  one  empire.  It  can  never 
be  a  compact  body,  with  one  head  or  heart 
or  one  arterial  system.    It  is  the  universal 
opinion  of  all  our  engineers,  thit  a  con- 
tinuous railroad  through  British  territory, 
running  from  Halifax,  through  Montreal, 
to  the  Pacific,  can  never  La  constructed  or 
used.     The  route   by  the   Restagouche  is. 
not  a  commercial,  but  a  military  road,  and 
constitutes    a   part    of    those   heavy   war 
expenditures  which  you  are  called  upon 
in    part    to    make    to     protect    Canada 
against  imaginary  assaults  from  the  United 
States.      And    yet,    strange   and    contra- 
dictory as  is  this  policy,  none  know  better 
than  your  civil  and  military  engineers,  and 
those  of  England,  that  British  America,  in 
case  of  war,  is  totally  indefensible  against 
the  United  States      Indeed,  what  could  be 
more  obvious  than  {hat  4  000,000  of  peo- 
ple, however  brave,  could  not  successfully 
contend  against  40,000,000  of  people.     The 
folly  of  this  route  consists  in   this,  whilst 
Montreal  is  in  latitude  45.30  north,   and 
Halifax  in  latitude  43.40  north,  the  Kesta-" 
gouche  route  goes  north  from  Montreal  to 
latitude  48.30,  in  order  to  return  south  to 
Halifax — thus  going  three  degrtes  out  of 
tiie  way. 

The  Restagouche  route  coulvi,  of  course, 
enter  into  no  competition  in  s  ammer  with 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  Gulf  route,  and,  in 
winter,  it  could  not  successfully  contend 
with  a  railroad  from  Halifax  to  St.  Johns, 
New  Brunswiclt;  thence  to  Bangor,  Maine; 
thence  by  two  snort  cuts,  especially  from 
Island  Pond,  to  Montreal,  diminishing  the 
distance  from  Montreal  to  Halifax  ninety 
miles.  Thus,  the  real  distance  from  Hali- 
fax to  Montreal,  through  Maine,  would  be 
reduced  to  756  miles,  compared  with  858 
miles  by  the  Restagouche  route.  But,  be- 
side the  diminished  distance,  the  route  by 
Maine  passes  through  a  cultivated  and 
somewhat  densely    populated  country,  the 


17 


I 


1 


best  summer  route,  but  especially  prefer- 
able In  winter  te  the  other,  which  passes, 
for  hundreds  of  miles,  through  an  un- 
broken wilderness  and  deeply-drifting 
snows.  Can  the  Canadian  Dominion  alter 
the  decrees  of  Providence?  Can  they 
change  climate  and  geography?  Can  they 
roll  back  the  eternal  snows,  or  melt  the 
glaciers  of  this  dreary  and  semi-arctic 
waste?  From  Montreal  to  the  Pacific 
ocean,  the  route  of  ♦.he  railroad  wilT  cover 
a  distance  of  nearly  three  thousand  miles. 
It  must  pass  entirely  north  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron, Lake  Superior,  and  the  Lake  of 
the  Woods.  The  region  north  of  tiicse 
lakes,  is  broken,  rocky,  and  dreary, 
swept  over  by  deep  and  drifting  snows  for 
nearly  a  thousand  miles,  rendering  this  part 
of  the  route,  in  the  opinion  of  our  engi- 
neers, utterly  impracticable.  From  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  through  the  Sas 
katchewan  country,  to  a  point  within  about 
a  huadred  miles  east  of  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains, the  route  is  regarded  as  practicable 
for  a  railroad,  and  most  of  the  country  is 
considered  valuable;  but,  from  this  point 
westward,  through  the  great  ranges  of  the 
Rocky  and  Cascade  mountains,  the  country 
is  very  poor  and  dreary  to  the  Pacific,  ren- 
dering the  difficulties  by  this  route  insur- 
mountable,  so  far  as  the  country  is  known. 
Here,  then,  are  three  detached  regions  of 
great  extent,  one  on  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
Restagouche;  one,  very  extensive,  north  of 
Lakes  Huron,  Superior,  and  Lake  of  the 
woods,  and,  finally,  the  one  between  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and 
the  Pacific,  vast  regions,  lying  in  detached 
fragments,  incapable  of  intercommunica- 
tion, except  through  foreign  territory.  Can 
these  fragments  ever  be  consolidated  into 
one  empire? 

But  another  question  is  urged  upon  the 
people  of  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  this  :  that  if 
you  join  the  Canadian  Dominion,  that 
Government  will  be  able  to  make  a  reci- 
procity treaty  with  this  country.  Now,  if 
there  is  any  question  definitely  settled, 
it  is  this :  that  we  never  will  agree 
to  any  reciprocity  treaty  with  any 
British  province  separately,  or  with  the 
Canadian  Dominion,  on  any  terms  what- 
ever, or  at  any  time,  present  or  pros- 
pective. Why  should  we  discriminate  as 
regards  tariffs  against  our  friends  during  the 


late  war,  and  in  favor  of  Englaid,  or'any 
of  her  colonies,  especially  since  England 
has  forbidden  her  colonies  (except  *he 
Dominion)  to  treat  with  us,  thus  rebuking 
them  and  us.  We  shall  not  discriminate 
against  them. 

On  the  3d  of  March  last,  Mr.  Schenck, 
from  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means, 
reported  to  the  House  the  following  reso- 
lution : 

Resolved,  That  while  this  House  does  not  not 
admit  any  right  in  the  executive  and  treaty- 
making  power  of  the  United  States  to  conclude 
treaties  or  conventions  with  any  foreign  Gov- 
ernment by  which  import  duties  6bo'l  be  mutu- 
ally regulated,  it  is  however  of  the  opinion,  and 
recommends  to  the  President,  thai,  .^pgotiationn 
with  the  Government  of  Great  Brltaik.  should 
be  renewed  and  pressed,  if  possible,  to  •  deu- 
nite  conclnston  regarding  commercial  Ini^i- 
conrse,  and  Becuring  to  our  own  citizens  the 
rights  claimed  by  them  in  the  fisherieq  on  the 
coasts  of  the  British  provinces  of  America  and 
the  free  navigation  of  the  Bt.  Lawrence  river 
from  its  source  to  the  sea. 

In  the  debate'which  followed  tl'  intro- 
duction of  this  resolution,  embracing,  half 
a  dozen  members,  Mr.  Schenck,  the  chair- 
man, said:  '*I  do  not  believe  we  ought  to 
enter  into  any  relations  of  reciprocity  with 
the  British  Provinces,  either  through  nego  • 
tiations  with  the  Imperial  Government  of 
Great  Britain  or  by  direct  treaty  with  the 
Provinces  themselves,  if  that  were  possible. 
I  believe  the  people  of  the  British  Pro- 
vinces should  be  treated  like  all  other 
ftn  signers,  and  made  to  pay  the  same  du- 
tiofe  on  articles  they  import  into  our  coun- 
try that  other  foreigners  are  required  to 
pay  upon  similar  articles."  At  the  same 
time  Mr.  Schenck  expressed  himself  in 
favor  of  commercial  treaties  "in  regard 
to  the  fisheries  on  the  coasts  of  those  Pro- 
vinces, and  in  relation  to  the  free  naviga- 
tion of  the  St.  Lawrence  river  from  its 
source  to  the  sea." 

Mr.  Pike,  said  ;  "The  only  reason  why 
I  drew  out  this  expression  of  opinion  from 
the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Ways 
and  Means  (Mr.  Schenck)  was  the  fact 
that  it  has  been  published  in  the  papers 
quite  extensively  that  that  committee  was 
in  favor  of  a  renewal  of  the  reciprocity 
treaty." 

Mr.  Schenck.  "I  am  not  authorized  to 
speak  for  the  rest  of  the  members  of  the 
committee,  but  I  am  not  aware  of  any 
difference  of  opinion  between  any  of  them 
and  myself  on  that  subject." 


18 


Not  a  single  member  exp.'essed  himself 
in  favor  of  reciprocity.  (Congressional 
Globe,  March  3,  1869  ) 

On  the  28d  of  March,  Mr.  Bcbenck's  res 
olutlon  w»8  unanimously  adopted.  (Con- 
gressional Globe,  March  23,  1869.) 

After  this  unanimous  vote  of  our  House 
of  Representatives,  it  is  hoped,  that  anti- 
annexatlonists  evtrywhere  will  no  longer 
attempt  to  delude  the  public  on  this  ques 
tion. 

The  Canadian  Dominion  and  all  the  Pro- 
vinces know  well  the  pliin  and  unequivo- 
cal terms  on  which  they  can  obtain  per- 
petual free  trade  with  all  the  Slates  of  the 
Union.  It  is  by  annexation.  If  the  Do- 
minion and  other  Provinces  refuse  annexa- 
tion, as  they  have  a  perfect  right  to  do,  so 
do  we  reject  reciprocity. 

It  is  neither  your  inteitst  nor  that  of 
England  that  her  North  American  Prov- 
inces rbould  remain  longer  in  colonial  sub- 
jection. England  could  do  no  wiser  act 
than  at  once  to  acknowledge  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Dominion,  and  that  of  all 
tiie  adjacent  provinces.  Such  an  act  would 
speedi!  lead  to  <:he  amicable  adjustment 
of  all  difficulties  between  the  two  natioBf. 
\  I  It  has  been  suggested,  that  England  would 
transfer  all  these  colonies  to  us  in  payment 
of  the  Alabama  claims.  This  England 
win  never  do,  nor  should  we  ask  such  a 
transfer.  She  would  justly  regard  such  a 
request,  in  such  a  form,  as  an  attempted 
humiliation;  and  it  would  alienate  from  us 
the  Irlendly  feeling  of  all  the  colonies 
This  is  proved  by  the  resistance  of  the  peo 
pie  ot  Nova  Scotia  to  their  attempted  trans 
ferto  the  Canadian  Dominion  without  their 
consent.  The  Canadians,  the  Nova  Sco- 
tiane,  and  the  people  of  the  other  Provinces 
are  brave  and  enlightened  men,  and  we 
should  not  wound  their  feelings  or  suscep- 
tibilities. 
,\  We  wish  no  States  forced  into  the 
Union.  If  these  colonies,  with  their  own 
fre«  will,  would  come  into  the  Union,  we 
would  rejoice  to  receive  them,  but  not 
otherwise.  Indeed,  our  people  would 
commemorate  your  voluntary  annexation 
to  the  United  States  as  the  greatest  event 
of  this  centuiy.  So  soon  as  the  telegraph 
•hould  communicate  the  result  throughout 
the  country,  the  booming  cannon  and  the 
sliiming  bell  would  anaonnce  our  rejoic- 


ing, and  a  great  people  would  bid  you  wel- 
come, thrice  welcome,  into  the  Union. 

These  people  are  equal  to  ourselves. 
They  would  consiitute  a  large  portion 
of  the  voters  of  the  Union,  and  they 
should  be,  like  ourselves,  free  as  the 
"casing  air,"  subject  only  to  the  limits 
of  the  Constitution.  We  want,  and  will 
have,  in  this  country,  no  serfs  by  transfer, 
or  otherwise.  Nor  will  England  ever  treat 
with  ua  for  the  acknowledgment  of  the  in- 
dependence of  these  colonies  in  connection 
with  the  Alabama  claims.  Let  the  colonies 
ask  for  independence  themselves,  and  they 
will  surely  receive  it.  That  they  would 
then  desire  annexation  to  the  United 
Slates,  is  not  doubted.  Thus,  the  an- 
nexation measure,  the  greatest  of  any 
age  or  country,  would  be  speedily  consum- 
mated, and  a  fair  and  just  settlement  of 
the  Alabama  claims  would  follow,  as  a 
necessary  consequence. 
^^The  Senate  has  lately  rejected  the  treaty 
about  the  Alabama  claims,  by  a  vote  of  S4 
to  1,  and  the  decision  was  clearly  right. 
This  treaty,  as  shown  by  my  letter  of  the  17tb 
of  January  last,  embraced  but  an  Infinites- 
imal portion  of  the  damages  inflicted  on  our 
Government  and  people  during  the  war  by 
British  cruisers.  There  was  but  one  speech 
made  against  the  treaty.  It  was  by  the 
eminent  chairman  of  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Foreign  Relations,  (Mr.  Sumner.)  That 
s^oeech  may  be  criticized,  but  it  will  never 
ue  answered.  Having  been  the  financial 
agent  of  our  Government  in  Europe  during 
the  war,  and  charged  also  with  special 
duties  as  to  these  cruisers,  the  facts  are  all 
familiar  to  me.  The  rejection  of  the  treaty 
is  supposed  to  indicate  approaching'  war. 
There  is  danger,  but  war,  it  is  believed, 
may  be  averted,  if  both  countries  will  act  in 
a  spirit  of  justice  and  mutual  forbearance. 
Meanwhile,  the  great  questions  of  annnexa- 
tlon  and  independence  can  go  on  without 
Interruption.  \^  In  the  Parliamentary  debate 
on  the  bill  creating  the  Canadian  Dominion, 
Earl  Russell  said  :  "If  it  ever  should  be  the 
wish  of  these  Provinces  to  separate  from 
England,  the  Parliament  might  be  ready  to 
listen  to  their  requests  and  to  accede  to  their 
wishtJ  in  any  way  they  may  choose,"  On 
the  same  occasion  the  Marquis  of  Normandy 
said :  "If  the  North  American  colonies  feel 
themselves  able  to  stand  alone,  and  show 


19 


tbt'ir  anxiety  either  to  form  themselves  into 
UD  independent  country,  or  even  to  amal 
gumate  with  the  United  btates,  I  think  it 
wonld  not  be  wiae  'to  rcBlst  Ihat  de 
sire."  If  any  contrary  views  were  ex. 
pressed  on  that  occasion,  I  have  not  seen 
them.  Subsequently  Join  Bright  said: 
"Your  scheme  (of  confederation)  must 
breatc  down  if  the  Nova  Scotians  resolve 
they  will  not  have  it.  *  *  *  It  is  not 
possible  to  coerce  them.  *  *  *  Therein 
no  statesman  living  in  England  who  will 
venture  to  bring  about  the  shedding  of  one 
drop  of  blood  upon  that  continent."  In 
his  speech  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on 
the  23d  of  March,  1865,  Mr.  Brifht  sai " :' 
'I  venture  to  say  that  there  is  not  a  m-.n 
in  this  House,  or  a  sensible  man  out  of  it, 
who,  apart  from  the  consideratton  of  Ihisi 
vote,  or  some  special  circumstances  attend- 
ing it,  believes  that  tb*^  people  of  this  coun- 
try could  attempt  a  successful  defence  of 
the  frontier  of  Canada  ajiainbt  the  whole 
power  of  the  United  States.  I  said  the 
other  night  that  I  hoped  we  should 
not  now  talk  folly,  and  hereafter,  in 
tlie  endeavor  to  be  consistent,  act 
folly.  We  all  know  perfectly  well 
that  we  are  talking  folly  when  we  say  that 
the  Government  of  this  country  would 
send  either  stiips  or  men  to  make  an  effect 
ual  defence  of  Canada  against  the  power  of 
tbe  United  States,  supposing  war  to  break 
out."  The  London  Times  of  the  13th  o< 
March  last,  in  a  leading:  editorial,  declare^' 
ihut  if  the  colonies  desire  annaxation  to 
the  United  States  England  will  not  object 
It  is  quite  certain  that  England  can  never 
lie  a  leading  American  Power,  but  she  h 
now  a  great  Eastern  Power,  and,  by  con 
centrating  her  energies  at  the  East,  she  can 
become  far  greater.  Tlie  area  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  is  121,000  square  miles, 
with  a  population  in  1881  of  29,317,000. 
From  her  limited  area,  then,  England  hae 
almost  reached  her  climax  at  home, 
and  therefore  cannot  be  the  greatest 
European  Power.  Several  of  the 
European  Powers  now  greatly  exceed  her 
In  area  and  population.  European  Russia, 
alone,  has  an  area  of  3,100,000  square  miles, 
with  a  population  of  7o,000,000.  But  Eug- 
land  is  tar  the  greatest  of  all  the  Eastern 
Powers;  her  Australian  area  is  3,200.000 
square  miles,  and  a  population  of  1,200,000, 
whilst  British  Hindostan  alon«  has  an  area 


jof  1,200,000  square  miles,  and  a  population 
|of  180,000,000,  making  a  combined  Eastern 
English  area  of  4,400,000  square  miles,  and 
an  Eastern  population  of  181,200,000.  Bo- 
sidtiS  China  there  are  three  great   Eistern 
iPowers.     England   and  Russia,  by  reason 
|of  their  immense  possessions  and  popula- 
jtion  In  Asia;  and  the  United  States,  by  its 
ivast    geographical    coast    line    upon  the 
i Pacific.     This  coast  line  brings  us  within 
jforty  miles  of  tbe  shores  of  Northern  Asia, 
|and,  by  the  Aleutian    Isles,  within   a  few 
jhundred  miles  of  Manchooria  and  Japan. 
lAlihough  the  Uuiled  States  own  no  Asiatic 
possessions,  and  have  never  desired  any, 
yet,  by  geographical  position,  and  by  trade 
and  intercourse,  they  are  a  great  Eastern 
j  power.     Now,   by   these  tables  it  appears 
ithat  the  total  area  of  all  the  British  posses- 
jsions,  together  with  those  of  Russia  and  of 
I  tbe   United   Stales,  are   19,530,000  square 
I  miles;  add  to  this  the  urea  ol  China  proper, 
1,300,000  square  miles,  and  tbe  result  will 
be  20,880,000  square  miles,  or  largely  more 
than  two  fifths  of   the  land  area  of   the 
world.     The  aggregate  population  of  these 
three  great  countries  would  be  3C8,567,000; 
add  to  this  China,   400,000,000,  and  the  re- 
sult would  be  736,567,000,  or   very  largely 
more  than  half  the  population  of  the  world. 
I  have  added   China,  because  the  Burlln- 
game  treaty,  negotiated  first  with  us  by  our 
eminent  countryman,  the  Chinese  Ameri' 
can  Minister,  and  yince  by  him  with  Eng- 
land and   Russia,  substantially  guarantees 
the  integrity  of   the  Chinese  territory.     It 
is  of  vast  importance  that  tbe  mo^t  cordial 
relations  should  subsist  among  all  the  great 
Eastern  powers,    China,  England,  Russia, 
and  the   Unitbd   States,  so  as  to  leave  full 
room  for  internal  developments,  free  from 
|the  hazards  of    war,  »iTo   accomplish  this 
[important  objec*^,  it  is  essential  tha'  England 
'should   withdraw  from  America,  and  con- 
jcentrate  her  wealth  and  energies  U(,on  her 
lempire  in  the  East — a  step  magnifying  her 
importance  and   security  as  an  Eastern  as 
well  as  a  European  Power. 

And  now,  my  friends,  having  endeav- 
ored to  convince  you  that  your  true  and 
permanent  interests  require  your  annexa- 
tion to  the  United  States,  great  will  be  our 
delight  if  your  people  ahould  concur  with 
us  on  this  momentous  question.  But, 
should  it  be  determined  otherwise,  we 
would  relinquish  this  cherished  desire  with 


26 


the  deepest  regret.    We  muHt  then  turuj 
our  eyes,  more  directly,  to  Mexico,  Cen- 
tral America,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  San   Do 
mingo,  4&C.     The  people  of  all  these  coun 
tries  most  earnestly  desire  annexation  to 
the  United  States.     We  do   not  think  of 
force  in  any  of  these  cases,  or  of  violating 
any  principle  of  justice  or  of  international 
law.    They  are  all  coming  as  rapidly  as 
we  could  wish,  and  we  are   preparing  to 
receive  them  into  our  Union.    Mexico,  we 
always  supposed  to  be  the  richest  silvei ' 
mining  country  in  the  world,  until  the  re 
cent   discoveries    in    Nevada,     But    the 
northern  provinces  of  Mexico,  containing 
the  richest  silver  mines  of  that  country, 
are     rendered     almost     non  productive, 
by  the   hostile    incursions   of    the    Apa- 
ches  and  Comancbcs.    Indeed,  all  Mex- 
ico    is     in    a    reolulionary     condition, 
and  labor  is  entirely  disorgiinized.     There 
is  no  remedy  for  this  evil,  except  annexa- 
tion.      Then,  the  prosperity   of  Mexico 
would  recommence,  and  go  on  with  re- 


newed vigor.  Under  American  rule,  the 
silver  mines  of  Mexico  might  be  made  to 
produce  at  least  |(10,000,000  per  annum, 
and  she  would  supply  us  most  abundantly 
with  the  raw  materials  of  manufactures. 
The  flume  remarks  apply  with  almost  equal 
force  to  Central  Atuerica,  Cuba,  Porto 
Rico,  St.  Domingo,  &c.  These  countries 
contain  now  a  population  of  14,000,000, 
which  would  rapidly  increase  after  annexa- 
tion. Yet,  valuable  as  these  regions  would 
be  to  us,  these  people  are  not,  like  you,  of 
our  kindred  race,  blood,  and  language. 

And  now  this  long  letter  must  be  brought 
to  a  cIoKe.  It  is  my  sincere  hopn,  that,  in 
any  couliugency,  you  may  pass  succeas- 
fully  through  all  your  troubles.  That  an 
overruling  Piovldence  may  guide  your 
counsels,  and,  iu  deciding  this  momentous 
question,  conduct  you  to  wise  and  just 
conclusions.^ 

With  great  respect,  your  obedient  ser- 
vant, B.  J.  Walker. 


U 


;  fii  .    S  - 


V^>~-~J' i'  I  liiCTT'  T»m 


rale,  the 
made  tu 
unaam, 
undantly 
ifactures. 
oiit  equal 
a,   Porto 
coaDtriea 
t,000,000, 
■  annexa- 
Qs  would 
J  you,  of 
ruage. 
B  brought 
;,  that,  in 
i  Bucct  as- 
Thai  au 
ide    your 
omeutou8 
and  ju<it 

dient  ser- 

▲LKKR. 


•• 


